Impact of nutritional status in early childhood: Comprehensive assessment of children aged 3 to 5 at the Maria Serrana Educational Center, Paraguay

Abstract

Introduction: Nutritional status in early childhood is crucial for children's growth, development, and future health. In Paraguay, multiple factors such as parental education level, food availability, and parenting habits influence child nutrition. The present study aimed to assess the nutritional status of children aged 3 to 5 at the María Serrana Educational Center in Asunción, identifying dietary patterns, physical activity levels, and associated socio-familial factors. Material and methods: A mixed approach was used, with a descriptive, cross-sectional, and non-experimental design. The sample included 90 children and their parents. Semi-structured interviews, observation guides, and anthropometric measurements were conducted. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square and ANOVA). Results: The results revealed that 13% of the children were overweight or mildly obese, while 4% were underweight. High consumption of ultra-processed foods, low fruit and vegetable intake, and limited physical activity were observed. Low maternal educational level and lack of regular pediatric checkups were significantly associated with altered nutritional status. Discussion: From a theoretical and state-of-the-art perspective, the findings were discussed using the Orem and Pender framework, highlighting the need to empower families in self-care and health promotion. It is concluded that educational and community interventions are crucial to reverse the trend of childhood malnutrition and promote healthy habits from an early age.