Historical analysis (2020–2022) of medical records and risk factors for COVID-19 at the Caja Petrolera de Salud de Cochabamba
Perfil clínico del COVID-19 en la Caja Petrolera de Salud
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52428/20756208.v20i49.1343Keywords:
COVID-19, Risk factors, Hypertension, Obesity, BoliviaAbstract
Introduction: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a global pandemic. This study focuses on the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at the Caja Petrolera de Salud (CPS) in Cochabamba, Bolivia, during the 2020–2022 period. The objective of this study was to identify differences in risk factors between recovered and deceased patients. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. The study population included 559 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by RT-PCR (2020–2022). Data were obtained from electronic medical records and epidemiological reports. Sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, and clinical signs, and symptoms were analyzed. Descriptive analyses and a logistic regression model were applied to assess the association between risk factors and clinical outcomes. Results: Among the 559 patients, 56% were male and 44% female, with a mean age of 41 years. The most common symptoms were fever (25.94%), headache (23.26%), and cough (23.08%). The most frequent comorbidities included hypertension (8.94%), obesity (6.44%), and type 2 diabetes (4.65%). However, no statistically significant associations were found between these conditions and recovery or death.
Discussion: The findings reflect a relatively young population with a lower prevalence of severe comorbidities compared to international studies. Although hypertension and obesity are well-documented predictors of severe disease, their impact was limited in this cohort. Study limitations include its cross-sectional design and reliance on secondary data. Validation through prospective cohort studies is recommended.
Downloads
References
1. Pérez Abreu MR, Gómez Tejeda JJ, Dieguez Guach R A. Características clínico-epidemiológicas de la COVID-19. Rev haban cienc méd [Internet]. 2020 abr 22 [citado feb 17 2021]; 19 (2): 32-54. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-519X2020000200005&lng=es
2. Dashraath P, Lin Wong J,Mei Xian KL, Li Min L,Li S, Biswas A,et al. “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy.” Am J Obstet Gynecol [Internet].2020 junio [citado feb 17 2021]; 222 (6): 521-531. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937820303434
3. Centro de recursos sobre el coronavirus de Johns Hopkins [Internet]. Baltimore:Centro de recursos sobre el coronavirus de Johns Hopkins; c2020 [actualizado 18 feb 2021; citado feb 17 2021]. COVID-19 Map- Johns Hopkins University; [aprox. 2 p.]. Disponible en: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
4. Nuevo Coronavirus 2019 Organización Mundial de la Salud [Internet]. Suiza:Organización Mundial de la Salud; c1948 [citado feb 17 2021]. Preguntas y respuestas sobre la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19); [ aprox. 8 p.]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/q-a-coronaviruses?gclid=CjwKCAiAmrOBBhA0EiwArn3mfAMUUICwSquo9DAMoYr92EEW7a7MxpnFI7LSoZn3Brradrt_TpvpwRoC9-8QAvD_BwE
5. Escalera Antezana JP, Lizon Ferrufino NF, Maldonado Alanoca A, Alarcón De la Vega G, Alvarado Arnez LE, B alderrama Saavedra MA, et al. "Características clínicas de los primeros casos y un conglomerado de Enfermedad por Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) en Bolivia importados de Italia y España". Travel Med Infect Dis [Internet]. 2020 mayo Junio [citado feb 17 2021]; 35: 101653. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1477893920301216
6. Ministerio de Salud y Deportes de Bolivia [Internet]. Bolivia: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes de Bolivia; c1984 [actualizado feb 15 2021; citado feb 17 2021]. Ministerio de Salud y Deportes de Bolivia Reporte epidemiológico COVID-19 en Bolivia Nº338; [aprox. 8 p.] Disponible en: https://www.minsalud.gob.bo/5292-reporte-epidemiologico-562-nuevos-contagios-de-covid-19-1-711-casos-descartados-y-1-098-pacientes-recuperados
7. Los Tiempos [Internet]. Bolivia: Los Tiempos; c1996 [actualizado feb 18 2021; citado Feb 17 2021]; Covid-19: sin plan y con colapso en salud, el país entra a fase crítica [ aprox. 9 p.] Disponible en: https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20200618/covid-19-plan-colapso-salud-pais-entra-fase-critica
8. Richardson S, Hirsch J, Narasimhan M, Crawford J, McGinn T, Davidson K, et al. "Presentando características, comorbilidades y resultados entre 5700 pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 en el área de la ciudad de Nueva York". Jama [Internet]. 2020 mayo 26 [citado feb 17 2021]; 323 (20): 2052-2059. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177629/
9. Gobierno autónomo municipal de La Paz [Internet]. Bolivia: Gobierno autónomo municipal de La Paz; c 1809-2011 [citado feb 17 2021]. Estadísticas Observatorio Gobierno autónomo municipal de La Paz; [ aprox. 4 p.] Disponible en: http://observatoriocovid19.lapaz.bo/observatorio/index.php/estadisticas
10. Maguiña Vargas C, Gastelo Acosta R, Tequen Bernilla A. El nuevo Coronavirus y la pandemia del Covid-19. Rev Med Hered [Internet]. 2020 abr [citado 2021 feb 17]; 31(2): 125-131. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1018-130X2020000200125&lng=es
11. Serra Valdes MA. COVID-19. De la patogenia a la elevada mortalidad en el adulto mayor y con comorbilidades. Rev haban cienc méd [Internet]. 2020 jun [citado 2021 feb 17]; 19 (3): e3379. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-519X2020000300004&lng=es
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. "Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China." N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2020 abril 30 [citado 2021 feb 17]; 382(18):1708-1720.Disponible en: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032?query=recirc_curatedRelated_article
12. Mikami T, Miyashita H, Yamada T, Harrington M, Steinberg D, Dunn A, et al. Risk factors for mortality in patients with COVID-19 in New York city. J Gen Intern Med [Internet]. 2021 [citado el 14 de febrero de 2025]; 36 (1): 17–26. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7325642/
13. Cortés-Tellés A, López-Romero S, Mancilla-Ceballos R, Ortíz-Farías DL, Núñez-Caamal N, Figueroa-Hurtado E. Risk factors for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: An overview in a Mexican population. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) [Internet]. 2020 [citado el 14 de febrero de 2025]; 83 (Supple 1): S46–54. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7837383/
14. Booth A, Reed AB, Ponzo S, Yassaee A, Aral M, Plans D, et al. Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021 [citado el 14 de febrero de 2025]; 16 (3): e0247461. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7932512/
15. Li J, Huang DQ, Zou B, Yang H, Hui WZ, Rui F, et al. Epidemiology of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. J Med Virol [Internet]. 2021; 93(3): 1449–58. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26424
16. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet [Internet]. 2020; 395(10229): 1054–62. Disponible en: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673620305663
17. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature [Internet]. 2020;584 (7821): 430–6. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4
18. Drefahl S, Wallace M, Mussino E, Aradhya S, Kolk M, Brandén M, et al. A population-based cohort study of socio-demographic risk factors for COVID-19 deaths in Sweden. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2020 [citado el 14 de febrero de 2025]; 11 (1): 5097. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7547672/
19. Ho FK, Celis-Morales CA, Gray SR, Katikireddi SV, Niedzwiedz CL, Hastie C, et al. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for COVID-19, and comparison to risk factors for influenza and pneumonia: results from a UK Biobank prospective cohort study. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2020 [citado el 14 de febrero de 2025]; 10 (11): e040402. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7678347/
20. Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, et al. Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health [Internet]. 2020; 8 (7): e901–8. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30229-1
21. Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, Mohammed Z, McGuinness L, Clarke EL, et al. The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries. PLoS One [Internet]. 2020; 15 (6): e0234765. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234765
22. The Severe Covid-19 GWAS Group. Genomewide association study of severe COVID-19 with respiratory failure. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2020; 383 (16): 1522–34. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2020283
23. Sun L, Sun Z, Wu L, Zhu Z, Zhang F, Shang Z, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak. J Affect Disord [Internet]. 2021; 283:123–9. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.050
24. Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, Hardwick HE, Pius R, Norman L, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020; m1985. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1985
25. Zhang SX, Chen J. Scientific evidence on mental health in key regions under the COVID-19 pandemic - meta-analytical evidence from Africa, Asia, China, Eastern Europe, Latin America, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Spain. Eur J Psychotraumatol [Internet]. 2021; 12 (1): 2001192. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.2001192
26. Villadsen A, Patalay P, Bann D. Mental health in relation to changes in sleep, exercise, alcohol and diet during the COVID-19 pandemic: examination of four UK cohort studies. Psychol Med [Internet]. 2021; 5 3(7): 2748–57. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721004657
27. Freites Nuñez DD, Leon L, Mucientes A, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Font Urgelles J, Madrid García A, et al. Risk factors for hospital admissions related to COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis [Internet]. 2020; 79 (11): 1393–9. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217984
28. Clouston SAP, Natale G, Link BG. Socioeconomic inequalities in the spread of coronavirus-19 in the United States: A examination of the emergence of social inequalities. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2021; 268 (113554): 113554. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113554
29. Ioannidis JPA. Infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data. Bull World Health Organ [Internet]. 2021; 99 (1): 19-33F. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.20.265892
30. COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators. Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-21. Lancet [Internet]. 2022; 399 (10334): 1513–36. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
31. The Lancet. COVID-19 in Latin America-emergency and opportunity. Lancet [Internet]. 2021; 398 (10295): 93. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01551-8
32. Dessie ZG, Zewotir T. Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2021; 21 (1): 855. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06536-3
33. Limachi-Choque J, Guitian J, Leyns C, Guzman-Rivero M, Eid D. Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality in hospitalized patients in Bolivia. IJID Reg [Internet]. 2023; 9:95–101. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.10.002
34. Escalera-Antezana JP, Lizon-Ferrufino NF, Maldonado-Alanoca A, Alarcon-De-la-Vega G, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Balderrama-Saavedra MA, et al. Risk factors for mortality in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Bolivia: An analysis of the first 107 confirmed cases. Infez Med. 2020; 28 (2): 238–42.
35. Meneses-Navarro S, Freyermuth-Enciso MG, Pelcastre-Villafuerte BE, Campos-Navarro R, Meléndez-Navarro DM, Gómez-Flores-Ramos L. The challenges facing indigenous communities in Latin America as they confront the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Equity Health [Internet]. 2020; 19 (1): 63. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01178-4
36. Cuéllar L, Torres I, Romero-Severson E, Mahesh R, Ortega N, Pungitore S, et al. Excess deaths reveal unequal impact of COVID-19 in Ecuador. BMJ Glob Health [Internet]. 2021;6(9): e006446. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006446
37. Johansson MA, Quandelacy TM, Kada S, Prasad PV, Steele M, Brooks JT, et al. SARS-CoV-2 transmission from people without COVID-19 symptoms. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2021; 4 (1): e2035057. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Jose Luis Villca Villegas, Alvaro Andre Vargas Aguilar, Nelson Franco Condori Salluco, Rocio Aracely Moreno Choque
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
