Microbots and nanobots for the treatment of cancer tumors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52428/20758944.v18i53.249Keywords:
Microbots, Nanobots, Cancer, Drug deliveryAbstract
The use of nano and microbots as a treatment for cancerous tumors had accelerated advances during the last few years, for this reason it was considered pertinent to carry out this documentary review. An exhaustive search was carried out on the progress of their current application, their operation and the advantages and disadvantages of their use. Nano and microbots have a biomimetic approach, since there are several models inspired by bacteria and other living organisms, due to their properties in the treatment of cancer. Nanomedicines have proven to have advantages compared to other types of drug administration; the combination of these concepts results in a more effective treatment of cancerous tumors than other conventional therapies. Currently, micro- and nanobots must survive, for example, the immune system, locate the tumor and be located by human operators, perform the specific operation of drug release, and be eliminated from the body once their mission is completed. In the evolution of micro- and nanobots, more and more efficient models are becoming available, and this can translate into great benefits, the main the reduction of side effects, due to the precise drug release system. However, there are not too many models that have passed to the clinical phase, due to several factors such as the complexity of their operation, their safety, cost and regulations. Therefore, efforts must be redoubled to develop a feasible model, to progress in the subject and not to allow its abandonment, given that we are at a decisive moment to meet this objective.
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Feynman, R. (29 de diciembre de 1959). There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom [Discurso principal]. Charla dirigida a la Sociedad Estadounidense de Física, Instituto Tecnológico de California.
Fubini, B., Ghiazza, M., & Fenoglio, I. (2010). Physico-chemical features of engineered nanoparticles relevant to their toxicity. Nanotoxicology, 4(4), 347–363. doi: https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2010.509519 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/17435390.2010.509519
Hosseinidoust, Z., Mostaghaci, B., Yasa, O., Park, B. W., Singh, A. V., & Sitti, M. (2016). Bioengineered and biohybrid bacteria-based systems for drug delivery. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 106, 27–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.09.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.09.007
Hua, S., De Matos, M. B., Metselaar, J. M., & Storm, G. (2018). Current trends and challenges in the clinical translation of nanoparticulate nanomedicines: pathways for translational development and commercialization. Frontiers in pharmacology, 9, 790. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00790
Huwyler, J., Kettiger, H., Schipanski, A., & Wick, P. (2013). Engineered nanomaterial uptake and tissue distribution: from cell to organism. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 3255. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s49770 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S49770
Krishna, G., Mary, L. R., & Jerome, K. (2019, March). Nanobots for biomedical applications. In Proceedings of the 2019 9th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Technology (pp. 270-279).doi: https://doi.org/10.1145/3326172.3326189 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3326172.3326189
Liu, S. Xu, X. Zeng, X. Li, L. Chen, Q. & Li, J. (2014). Tumor-targeting bacterial therapy: A potential treatment for oral cancer (Review). Oncology Letters, 8(6), 2359–2366. doi: https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2014.2525 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2014.2525
Medina-Sánchez, M., & Schmidt, O. G. (2017). Medical microbots need better imaging and control. Nature News, 545(7655), 406.doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/545406a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/545406a
Min, J. J., Nguyen, V. H., & Gambhir, S. S. (2010). Molecular imaging of biological gene delivery vehicles for targeted cancer therapy: beyond viral vectors. Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, 44(1), 15-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13139-009-0006-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13139-009-0006-3
Mostaghaci, B., Yasa, O., Zhuang, J., & Sitti, M. (2017). Bacteriabots: bioadhesive bacterial microswimmers for targeted drug delivery in the urinary and gastrointestinal tracts (Adv. Sci. 6/2017). Advanced Science, 4(6). doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201770031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201770031
Ng, W. M., Teng, X. J., Guo, C., Liu, C., Low, S. C., Chan, D. J. C., ... & Lim, J. (2019). Motion control of biohybrid microbots under low Reynolds number environment: Magnetotaxis. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 141, 107530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2019.107530 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2019.107530
Organización Mundial de la Salud [OMS]. (2021, 3 marzo). Cáncer. Recuperado de: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer
Paciotti, G. F., Myer, L., Weinreich, D., Goia, D., Pavel, N., McLaughlin, R. E., & Tamarkin, L. (2004). Colloidal gold: a novel nanoparticle vector for tumor directed drug delivery. Drug Delivery, 11(3), 169–183. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10717540490433895 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10717540490433895
Palagi, S., & Fischer, P. (2018). Bioinspired microrobots. Nature Reviews Materials, 3(6), 113–124. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0016-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0016-9
Sanchez, S., Solovev, A. A., Schulze, S., & Schmidt, O. G. (2011). Controlled manipulation of multiple cells using catalytic microbots. Chemical Communications, 47(2), 698-700. doi: https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CC04126B DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CC04126B
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Schmidt, C. K., Medina-Sánchez, M., Edmondson, R. J., & Schmidt, O. G. (2020). Engineering microrobots for targeted cancer therapies from a medical perspective. Nature Communications, 11(1), 1-18.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19322-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19322-7
Shi, J., Kantoff, P. W., Wooster, R., & Farokhzad, O. C. (2017). Cancer nanomedicine: progress, challenges and opportunities. Nature reviews cancer, 17(1), 20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.108
Sonntag, L., Simmchen, J., & Magdanz, V. (2019). Nano-and micromotors designed for cancer therapy. Molecules, 24(18), 3410. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183410 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183410
Tu, Y., Peng, F., André, A. A. M., Men, Y., Srinivas, M., & Wilson, D. A. (2017a). Biodegradable hybrid stomatocyte nanomotors for drug delivery. ACS Nano, 11(2), 1957–1963. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b08079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b08079
Tu, Y., Peng, F., White, P. B., & Wilson, D. A. (2017b). Redox-Sensitive stomatocyte nanomotors: destruction and drug release in the presence of glutathione. Angewandte Chemie, 129(26), 7728–7732. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201703276 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201703276
Wang, W., & Zhou, C. (2021). A Journey of nanomotors for targeted cancer therapy: principles, challenges, and a critical review of the State‐of‐the‐Art. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 10(2), 2001236. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202001236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202001236
Wicki, A., Witzigmann, D., Balasubramanian, V., & Huwyler, J. (2015). Nanomedicine in cancer therapy: challenges, opportunities, and clinical applications. Journal of Controlled Release, 200, 138–157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.030
Zhang, C., Yan, L., Wang, X., Zhu, S., Chen, C., Gu, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Progress, challenges, and future of nanomedicine. Nano Today, 35, 101008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101008
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