JLASC

Journal of Latin American

Sciences and Culture

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

“JLASC promotes scientic knowledge for the

construction of cultural values, the exchange of

knowledge, the sharing of information, in lock-

step with the construction of a community and

shared future.”

Prof. Dr. Marco A. Cabero Z.

Editor-in-Chief

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture

(JLASC)

“JLASC is open to the world. Popularizing sci-

ence can contribute to the development of soci-

ety and improve the well-being and well living

of people.”

Editorial Team

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture

(JLASC)

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

This page was intentionally left blank

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Editor-in-Chief:

Marco A. Cabero Z. – Andean Road Countries

for Science and Technology (ARCST).

Associate Editors:

Sylvain Eimer – Beihang University (BUAA),

China.

Javier Ibanez-Guzman – Renault Research Divi-

sion, France.

Eduardo Vega A. – Instituto Politécnico Nacional

(IPN), Mexico.

Edgar Ramos S. – Universidad Privada del Valle

(UNIVALLE), Bolivia.

Wang Xinsheng – Beihang University, China.

Jasivia Gonzales Rocabado – Museum of Nation-

al History, Bolivia.

International Advisory Board Member:

Linda Wong – Deputy Secretary-General of Chi-

na Biodiversity Conservation and Green Devel-

opment Foundation (CBCGDF)

Zhou Jinfeng – Secretary-General of China Bio-

diversity Conservation and Green Development

Foundation (CBCGDF)

Li Yan – Renmin University of China

Violea Bushanova – Beihang University

(BUAA), Kazakhstan.

Luan Henrique – Geospace Technology, Brazil.

Rodrigo Gantier – Shang Jia Tong University,

China.

Jose A. Aponte – Universidad Pedagogica Exper-

imental Libertador (UPEL). Venezuela.

Grisel Jimenez – Universiti Teknologi PETRO-

NAS (UTP), Malaysia.

Gabriela Conde S. – Max Schreier Planetarium

of Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA),

Bolivia.

Elyka Abello – Innova Space, Venezuela.

Managing Editor Latin America:

Paola Antezana Perez (UNIVALLE).

Graphic Arts:

Luis Marco Fernandez Sandoval (UNIVALLE)

Assistant Editors:

Rafaela M. Molina V. – Coordinator of the South-

ern Cone Conservation Chapter of the Society

for Conservation Biology (SCB), Bolivia.

Shantel Guillaume – Andean Road Countries for

Science and Technology, France.

Clara Zhang – University of the Chinese Acade-

my of Sciences, China.

Kornikova Miroslava – Andean Road Countries

for Science and Technology, Russia.

Paola Guañuna – Beijing Normal University,

China.

Reviewer’s commiee:

Ojeda S. Mary L., Universidad Central del Valle

del Cauca – Tuluá.

Perez C. Jose G., Universidad Central del Valle

del Cauca – Tuluá .

Nora Lizarro Guzman, Universidad Privada del

Valle (UNIVALLE), Bolivia.

Li Yan, Renmin University, China.

Claire Billot

Medico, Fundación CEADES, Bolivia.

Juan Manuel Balderrama, Universidad Privada

del Valle (UNIVALLE), Bolivia.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Abrahan Matias Arnez, Tropical Medicine &

Medical Entomology BMES, Guatemala.

Wang Teng – Beijing Changfeng Information

Technology Industry Alliance International De-

partment, China.

Jose A. Aponte – Universidad Pedagogica Exper-

imental Libertador (UPEL). Venezuela.

Guo Jiayun – Capital University of Economics

and Business, China.

Gerson Cuba – Beihang University.

Sherry Xu – University of New South Wales,

Australia.

Luan Henrique – Geospace Technology, Brazil.

Oscar A. Nalvarte Cuadros Q., Natural English,

Bolivia.

Elyka Abello – Innova Space, Venezuela.

Shasha Liu – China LEYA Cultural Communica-

tion Center/Could., Ltd.

Martin I. Valenzuela P. – Industrias Belen SRL,

Bolivia.

University authorities

M.Sc. Gonzalo Ruiz Ostria

President

Diego Villegas Zamora, Ph.D.

Academic Vice President

M.Sc. Sandra Ruiz Ostria

Vice-President for Social Interaction

M.Sc. Franklin Nestor Rada

Academic Vice President of the La Paz Branch

M.Sc. Antonio Carvalho Suarez

Academic Vice President Santa Cruz Branch

MBA. Carlos Torricos Merida

Academic Vice President Sucre Branch

M.Sc. René Monk Morant

Academic Vice President Trinidad Branch

M.Sc. Jorge Ruiz de la Quintana

National Research Director

Lic. Daniela Zambrana Grandy

General Secretary

The content of the articles published in this edi-

tion are sole responsibility of the authors. The

views don’t necessarily reect those of the Pub-

lisher or the Journal.

Publisher Information

hps://revistas.univalle.edu/index.php/jlsc

Universidad Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE).

Tel: (591) 4 – 4318800.

Fax: (591) 4 - 4318886.

Tiquipaya University Campus.

Guillermina Martínez Street, w / n, Tiquipaya.

P.O. Box 4742.

Cochabamba - Bolivia.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Journal Information

www.journalasc.org

hps://revistas.univalle.edu/index.php/jlsc/about/contact

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture (JLASC).

Tel: (86) 18518415088

Beijing China

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture (JLASC)

Aims and scope

Introduction

The Journal of Latin American Sciences and Cul-

ture (JLASC) is an international journal seek-

ing to promote the scientic landscape in Latin

America by pushing conventional boundaries to

include issues, perspectives, and methods rele-

vant to education, science, technology, and cul-

ture. JLASC thus intends to truly internationalize

these areas through the journal’s global reach.

The JLASC seeks to lay bare not only the diver-

sity and richness of Latin American scientic

issues, but of perspectives, research methods,

and evidence of the many creative crossows

of inuence that exist between Latin America,

Sino-American cultures, and other peripheries.

Through JLASC, education, science, technolo-

gy can be powered by wide-ranging ideas from

many cultures and research areas.

The JLASC welcomes submissions that focus on

empirical research, theoretical analyses, or liter-

ature and book reviews. Proposals for special is-

sues are actively encouraged and should be dis-

cussed with the Editor-in-Chief or a member of

the Senior Editorial Team of the journal.

The JLASC promotes scientic literacy, the pop-

ularization of science, media and information

literacy (MIL) following the guidelines of UN-

ESCO The JLASC also promotes the exchange

of knowledge and the dissemination of infor-

mation for the development of society through

science, technology, innovation, education, and

culture. Special aention is given to the use and

promotion of Spanish for these purposes, as the

Cervantes Institute is one of our collaborators.

We also count on the support of Chaoxuan Intel-

ligent Research Institute and Elektro High Tech

Co. Ltd for the promotion of science and technol-

ogy and their advancement that can be benecial

for the world.

Editorial policies part one

JLASC is a peer-reviewed journal published in

English, Spanish and Chinese by Universidad

Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE), Bolivia. The jour-

nal only publishes manuscripts that meet world-

class standards of global academic publications.

These must follow the guidelines provided on

the website in the instructions for authors.

Those submissions deemed by the Edi-

tor-in-Chief and the Senior Editorial Team to

meet world-class standards will be published

regardless of authors’ ability to pay the Ar-

ticle Publication Charges (APCs), which are

US$600/£460/€530. Waivers for APCs can be re-

quested by all authors regardless of background

and will be appraised by the Publisher and the

Editors based on individual circumstances and

the ability to pay. Those who are truly unable to

aord the APCs will receive full waivers. This in-

cludes many Latin American scholars, as well as

graduate students, independent researchers, and

researchers from around the globe who do not

have grants or other funds to cover publication

costs.

Authors must submit their manuscripts through

the UNIVALLE website, Website Customization

by: OpenJournalSystems.com (journal homep-

age: www.journalasc.org and submission site:

www.revistas.univalle.edu), and receive an ac-

knowledgment of submission. The Editorial

Team assesses the manuscript and the author is

notied that the manuscript has either been re-

jected or that it is to be sent out for double blind

external review.

Peer Review Policy

All submied manuscripts are subject to initial

appraisal by the Editors, and if found suitable

for further consideration, to peer review by in-

dependent, anonymous expert referees. The Ed-

itors are supported by an active Editorial Board

and an International Advisory Board. All refer-

eeing is double blind. Submissions can be made

online at: editorial@journalasc.org

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Publishing Ethics

The Journal adheres to the world-class standards

of publishing ethics, with rigorous processes in

place to ensure this goal is achieved. Our pub-

lisher, Universidad Privada del Valle, utilizes

CrossCheck for all Journals. More information

on our ethical standards and policies can be

found in www.journalasc.org.

Read the Instructions for Authors for informa-

tion on how to submit your article in hps://

journalasc.org/author-instructions/

Journal information

Online ISSN: 2788-8991

2 issues per year

The Journal of Latin American Sciences and

Culture is in process to be indexed/abstracted in:

Baidu Scholar

British Library Inside

CNKI Scholar

DTU Findit

E-Lib Breman

Electronic Journals Library (EZB)

Finnish Publication Forum (Julkaisufoorumi)

Google Scholar

JournalTOCs

Microsoft Academic

Naver Academic

Norwegian Register of Scientic Journals and

Publishers

Portico

Publons

Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Cono-

cimiento Cientíco (REDIB)

SciBase

Scopus

Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory

WorldCat (OCLC)

The publisher, Universidad Privada del Valle

(UNIVALLE) and the Andean Road Countries

for Science and Technology (ARCST), make ev-

ery eort to ensure the accuracy of all the infor-

mation (the “Content”) contained in our publi-

cations. However, UNIVALLE, our agents, our

licensors and the ARCST (journal co-owner),

make no representations or warranties whatso-

ever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suit-

ability for any purpose of the Content. Any opin-

ions and views expressed in this publication are

the opinions and views of the authors, and are

not the views of or endorsed by UNIVALLE or

ARCST (journal co-owner). The accuracy of the

content should not be relied upon and should be

independently veried with primary sources of

information. UNIVALLE and ARCST shall not

be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceed-

ings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and

other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused

arising directly or indirectly in connection with,

in relation to, or arising out of the use of the con-

tent published online.

Editorial policy’s part two

About this topic

The following policies apply to the Journal of Lat-

in American Sciences and Culture (JLASC). Where

the journal is hosted at Universidad Privada del

Valle (UNIVALLE) on behalf the Andean Road

Countries for Sciences and Technology. Please

read these policies in full before submiing your

article, to ensure you’ve correctly followed all

the requirements.

Aliations

You and your co-authors must list all relevant

aliations to aribute where the research or

scholarly work was approved and/or supported

and/or conducted. For non-research articles, you

must list your current institutional aliation. If

you have moved to a dierent institution before

the article has been published, you should list

the aliation where the work was conducted,

and include a note to state your current alia-

tion. If you do not have a current relevant insti-

tutional aliation, you should state your inde-

pendent status.

Appeals and complaints

The Journal of Latin American Sciences and

Culture follows the Commiee on Publication

Ethics (COPE) guidelines on appeals to journal

editor decisions and complaints about a jour-

nal’s editorial management of the peer-review

process. We welcome genuine appeals to editor

decisions. However, you will need to provide

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

strong evidence or new data/information in re-

sponse to the editor’s and reviewers’ comments.

Where you, as an author, wish to comment on

aspects of the journal’s editorial management

please contact us at: editorial@journalasc.org

Authorship

Listing authors’ names on an article is an import-

ant mechanism to give credit to those who have

signicantly contributed to the work. It also en-

sures transparency for those who are responsible

for the integrity of the content. Authors listed on

an article must meet all of the following criteria:

- Made a signicant contribution to the

work reported, whether that’s in the

conception, study design, execution, ac-

quisition of data, analysis and interpre-

tation, or in all these areas.

- Have drafted or wrien, or substantially

revised or critically reviewed the article.

- Have agreed on the journal to which the

article will be submied.

- Reviewed and agreed on all versions

of the article before submission, during

revision, the f inal version accepted for

publication, and any signicant changes

introduced at the proong stage.

- Agree to take responsibility and be ac-

countable for the contents of the article

and to share responsibility to resolve

any questions raised about the accuracy

or integrity of the published work.

The journal editor will not decide on order of

authorship and cannot arbitrate authorship dis-

putes. Where unresolved disputes between the

authors arise, the institution(s) where the work

was performed will be asked to investigate. Con-

sider details such as:

·Corresponding authors

·Changes in authorship

·Assistance from scientific, medical, technical

writers or translators

·Assistance with experiments and data analysis

·Acknowledgments

·Author name change policy

Citations

Research and non-research articles must cite

relevant, timely, and veried literature (peer-re-

viewed, where appropriate) to support any

claims made in the article. You must avoid ex-

cessive and inappropriate self-citation or prear-

rangements among author groups to inappro-

priately cite each other’s work, as this can be

considered a form of misconduct called citation

manipulation. If you’re the author of a non-re-

search article (e.g. a Review, Opinion, etc) you

should ensure the references you cite are rele-

vant and provide a fair and balanced overview of

the current state of research or scholarly work on

the topic. Your references should not be unfair-

ly biased towards a particular research group,

organization or journal. If you are unsure about

whether to cite a source you should contact the

journal editorial oce for advice.

Competing interests

You and all of your co-authors must declare any

competing interests relevant to, or which can be

perceived to be relevant to the article. A com-

peting interest can occur where you (or your

employer, sponsor or family/friends) have a -

nancial, commercial, legal, or professional rela-

tionship with other organizations, or with the

people working with them which could inu-

ence the research or interpretation of the results.

Competing interests can be nancial or non--

nancial in nature. To ensure transparency, you

must also declare any associations which can

be perceived by others as a competing interest.

Corrections, expressions of concern, and retrac-

tions

Sometimes after an article has been published it

may be necessary to make a change to the Ver-

sion of Record (VoR). This will be done after

careful consideration by the Editor who is also

supported by Universidad Privada del Valle

(UNIVALLE) and the Andean Road Countries

for Science and Technology to ensure any neces-

sary changes are done in accordance with guid-

ance from the Commiee on Publication Ethics

(COPE). Any necessary changes will be accom-

panied with a post-publication notice which will

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

be permanently linked to the original article.

This can be in the form of a Correction notice,

an Expression of Concern, a Retraction and in

rare circumstances a Removal. The purpose of

this mechanism of making changes which are

permanent and transparent is to ensure the in-

tegrity of the scholarly record. Read our full pol-

icy on corrections, retractions, and updates to

published articles.

Data availability and deposition

Universidad Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE) sup-

ports a number of open data initiatives and of-

fers a suite of data-sharing policies. Contact us

at: editorial@journalasc.org

Data repositories

A data repository is a storage space for research-

ers to deposit data sets associated with their re-

search. And if you’re an author seeking to com-

ply with a journal data sharing policy, you’ll

need to identify a suitable repository for your

data. Read our guide to choosing a data reposi-

tory which includes some generalist repositories

you may wish to consider.

Community-endorsed public repositories

Where community-endorsed mandates exist for

submission of data to public repositories, au-

thors should submit the datasets to the appro-

priate repositories and provide the accession

numbers (where available) in the paper. Exam-

ples of repositories community-endorsed public

repositories include:

Data type Suggested repositories

DNA and RNA sequences Genbank

DNA and RNA sequences EMBL Nucleotide Se-

quence Database (ENA)

Gene expression Gene Expression Omnibus

(GEO)

Gene expression ArrayExpress

Genetic polymorphisms dbSNP NCBI

Genetic polymorphisms dbVar NCBI

Genetic polymorphisms European Variation Ar-

chive (EVA)

Linked genotype and phenotype data dbGAP

NCBI

Linked genotype and phenotype data European

Genome-Phenome Archive (EGA)

Protein sequences Uniprot

Proteomics data PRIDE

Proteomics data PeptideAtlas

Metabolomics data Metabolomics Workbench

3-D printable models NIH 3D Print Exchange

Neuroimaging data OpenNeuro

Neuroimaging data NeuroVault

Macromolecular structures Biological Magnetic

Resonance Data Bank (BMRB)

Macromolecular structures Electron Microscopy

Data Resource (EMDB)

Macromolecular structures Worldwide Protein

Data Bank (wwPDB)

Macromolecular structures RCSB Protein Data

Bank (PDB)

Crystallographic data Cambridge Crystallo-

graphic Data Centre (CCDC)

Crystallographic data Crystallography Open

Database (COD)

Earth and environmental science data PAN-

GAEA

Earth and environmental science data NERC

Data Centres

Earth and environmental science data World

Data Center for Climate (WDCC)

Earth and environmental science data Knowl-

edge Network for Biocomplexity (KNB)

Earth and environmental science data Earth-

Chem

High Energy Physics Data HEPData

Archaeology Data Archaeology Data Service

(ADS)

Paleontology Data Paleobiology Database

Humanities outputs CORE (Humanities Com-

mons)

Custom computer codes, software tools, and

mathematical algorithms

To enable full assessment of submissions, you

must make available on request to Editors and/

or reviewers any custom computer codes, soft-

ware tools, or algorithms which have been used

to generate the results and conclusions that are

reported in your manuscript.

Designations of territories

Universidad Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE) re-

spects its authors’ decisions regarding the des-

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

ignations of territories in its published material.

Universidad Privada del Valle‘s (UNIVALLE)

policy is to take a neutral stance in relation to

territorial disputes or jurisdictional claims in its

published content, including in maps and insti-

tutional aliations. Where a journal is owned

by and published on behalf of the Andean Road

Countries for Science and Technology, Universi-

dad Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE) will take into

account that Andean Road Countries for Science

and Technology’s policy on this issue to the ex-

tent it diers from Universidad Privada del Val-

le’s (UNIVALLE) own.

Editor Code of Conduct

Universidad Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE)

group’s journal program provides a home for

validated, trusted research from the world’s

brightest and best minds. The editor of a journal

plays a vital role in advancing knowledge within

elds of research. They do this by:

- Maintaining and improving the quality

of work the journal publishes and the in-

tegrity of its peer review process,

- Supporting the journal’s authors and re-

viewers,

- Maintaining and improving the jour-

nal’s reputation in collaboration with

the journal’s wider editorial team and

Universidad Privada del Valle (UNI-

VALLE).

To support this role, our Editor Code of Con-

duct sets out the minimum standards for all ed-

itors who have responsibility for decisions on

journal content to help ensure our journals pub-

lish quality, trustworthy content.

Harassment

Universidad Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE)

will not tolerate any kind of harassment of our

authors, editors, reviewers, sta, or vendors.

We expect to work in an environment of mutu-

al respect and will work with the Universidad

Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE) ethics team and

legal team to deal with any cases of harassment.

Advice for researchers experiencing harass-

ment: As a researcher, you should expect your

work to be scrutinized by the public, policy mak-

ers, and campaigners. However, some research-

ers working on high-prole subjects that aract

controversy have also found themselves target-

ed with online harassment. To help researchers

dealing with these issues, Universidad Privada

del Valle (UNIVALLE) has supported the Science

Media Centre in producing an updated guide,

including tips on how to deal with social media

harassment.

Images and gures

Authors should only use images and gures in

your article if they are relevant and valuable to

the work reported. Please refrain from adding

content of this type which is purely illustrative

and does not add value to the scholarly work.

Using third party material

As a warranty in the Journal Author Publishing

Agreement you make with us, you must obtain

the necessary wrien permission to include ma-

terial in your article that is owned and held in

limited to – any proprietary text, illustration, ta-

ble, or other material, including data, audio, vid-

eo, lm stills, screenshots, musical notation, and

any supplemental material.

Obtaining permission to publish identiable

or protected content

Content (e.g. photographs, video or audio re-

cordings, 3D models, illustrations, etc) which

can reveal the identity of patients, study partic-

ipants or study subjects can only be included if

they (or parents/guardians if they are underage

or considered unable to provide informed con-

sent, or their next of kin if participants are de-

ceased) have provided Consent to Publish. If any

of this type of content has been obtained from

communities where additional permissions are

required (e.g. an Elder or community leader in

an indigenous community), or from a protected

source (e.g. museum collections), then authors

must obtain the required permissions for use

prior to submission of the manuscript. These

include specic considerations for arts, human-

ities, and social sciences research, relating to

cultural sensitivities or restrictions associated

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

with any images included. There are also spe-

cic considerations for science, technology, and

medicine, including detailing any image modi-

cations and our policies on inappropriate image

manipulation.

Misconduct

Universidad Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE)

takes all forms of misconduct seriously and

will take all necessary action, in accordance

with COPE guidelines, to protect the integrity of

the scholarly record.

Examples of misconduct include (but are not

limited to):

·Affiliation misrepresentation

·Breaches in copyright/use of third-party

material without appropriate permissions

·Citation manipulation

·Duplicate submission/publication

“Ethics dumping”

·Image or data manipulation/fabrication

·Peer review manipulation

·Plagiarism

·Text-recycling/self-plagiarism

·Undisclosed competing interests

·Unethical research

Peer review

Articles published in Universidad Privada del

Valle (UNIVALLE) journals (including its im-

prints) undergo thorough peer review and

the Journal of Latin American Sciences and Cul-

ture (JLASC) endorses COPE guidelines for

reviewers.

Journals may operate dierent peer review

processes. Our guide to understanding peer re-

view outlines several dierent peer review mod-

els, including:

·Single-anonymous peer review (also called

‘single-blind peer review’)

·Double-anonymous peer review (also called

‘double-blind peer review’)

·Open peer review

Registered Reports

Every Universidad Privada del Valle (UNIVAL-

LE) journal publishes a statement describing the

model of peer review used by the journal with-

in the journal homepage. Generally, comments

from a minimum of two independent experts are

required to ensure complete assessment of the

article.

The details of the comments as well as the over-

all recommendations by peer reviewers will be

considered by the Editor when making a deci-

sion, but ultimate responsibility for acceptance

or rejection lies with the Editor. In accordance

with COPE recommendations on ethical editing

for new Editors, Editors will assign any submis-

sions they cannot handle (e.g. if they are the au-

thor of an article submied to their own journal)

to a member of the Editorial Board or a guest

editor. The majority of journals at Universidad

Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE) do not permit

you to recommend peer reviewers. If you wish

to suggest potential reviewers this information

can be included in the covering leer, but it is at

the discretion of the Editors to consider these re-

viewers or not. Providing any false information

about potential reviewers may lead to rejection

of the article.

Condentiality of peer review

It is a requirement to maintain condentiality

and integrity of the peer review and editorial

decision-making process at all stages, comply-

ing with data protection regulations (includ-

ing GDPR). The invited reviewer should declare

any competing interest before submiing their

report to the journal. If they wish to involve a

colleague as a co-reviewer for an article, they

should ask the journal editorial oce before

sharing the manuscript and include their names,

aliation and any relevant competing interests

in the comments for Editors when they return

their report. In the process of investigating an

ethical query, the submied manuscript, au-

thor, reviewer, and any other person (including

whistleblowers) involved will be treated in con-

dence. During an investigation it may be nec-

essary for the Editor to share information with

third parties, such as the ethics commiee and/

or the authors’ institution.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Plagiarism

Trust and integrity are among what readers val-

ue the most in scholarly peer-reviewed journal

content. That’s why the Journal of Latin Amer-

ican Sciences and Culture takes the issue of

plagiarism very seriously. The Commiee on

Publication Ethics (COPE) denes plagiarism

as: “When somebody presents the work of oth-

ers (data, words or theories) as if they were his/

her own and without proper acknowledgment.”

For Universidad Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE),

this applies to data, images, words or ideas taken

from any materials in electronic or print formats

without sucient aribution. The use of any

such material either directly or indirectly should

be properly acknowledged in all instances. You

should always cite your source.

Preprints, preprint servers, and early reporting

of scholarly work

We support the need for authors to share early

versions of their work before peer-review pub-

lication. There are also a number of options for

Universidad Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE) au-

thors to share the nal Version of Record of their

published article.

Preprints and preprint servers

A preprint, also known as the Author’s Original

Manuscript (AOM), is your article before you

have submied it to a journal for peer review.

Preprint servers are online repositories that en-

able you to post this early version of your re-

search paper online. If you upload your AOM to

a non-commercial preprint server, you can sub-

sequently submit the manuscript to a Universi-

ty Privada del Valle (UNIVALLE) journal. We

do not consider posting on a preprint server to

be duplicate publication and this will not jeop-

ardize consideration for publication. If you’ve

posted your AOM to a preprint server, we ask

that, upon acceptance, you acknowledge that the

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Sponsors & Aliations

JLASC is sponsored by the Andean Road Coun-

tries for Science and Technology (ARCST), the

Universidad Privada del Valle (Bolivia), and

Elektro High Tech Co. Ltd.

Collaborators

Cervantes Institute, Chaoxuan Intelligent Re-

search Institute, Media and Information Literacy

(MIL) UNESCO.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Aliated and supported by:

JLASC is aliated and supported by the Ande-

an Road Countries for Science and Technology

(ARCST), the Universidad Privada del Valle (Bo-

livia), and Elektro High Tech Co. Ltd. and China

Biodiversity Conservation and Green Develop-

ment Foundation (CBCGDF).

1. Andean Road Countries for Science

and Technology

Mission

ARCST is an international scientic organization

founded in 2018 based on the general principles

of “joint consultation, joint eort and joint shar-

ing” and the promotion of shared development

and achievement of the UN SDGs.

ARCST members include national academies

of sciences, universities, research institutes, and

international organizations. ARCST is commit-

ted to playing an eective role in catalyzing

and implementing innovative international

science initiatives to build a community of the

whole humankind with a shared future. Science,

Technology, Innovation, and Capacity building

(STIC) is essential to the progress and welfare of

human societies and ARCST is particularly keen

to cooperate and partner with those who want

to collaborate in these endeavors. Promoting

the popularization of Science, the exchange of

knowledge, the diusion of information, mutual

learning, and collaboration.

Vision

To become an international science organization

of global impact in catalyzing and implementing

concrete innovative programs, initiatives and

actions in Science, Technology, Innovation, and

Capacity Building (STIC) for the promotion of

shared development and the advancement of the

UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We

welcome you to join ARCST!

2. Elektro High Tech Co. Ltd.

Mission

To improve people’s lives through meaningful

innovation.

Vision

To inspire the world with innovative technolo-

gies, products, and design that enrich people’s

lives and contribute to social prosperity by creat-

ing a new future.

3. Universidad Privada del Valle

Founded on October 4, 1988 by Dr. Gonzalo Ruiz

Martínez; Univalle has been projected as a syn-

onym for academic excellence in Latin America

with more than 32 undergraduate degree pro-

grams. Currently, about 14,000 national and

foreign students carry out their higher studies

in the university infrastructure with the great-

est technological advance in Bolivia. In these

33 years of academic trajectory, Univalle has

trained more than 16,000 professionals at the un-

dergraduate and postgraduate levels in its four

locations, which are located in Cochabamba, La

Paz, Sucre and Trinidad. And soon in the new

headquarters located in Santa Cruz. Our history

reects the fact that ... “We are the Scientic An-

swer to the Future”.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

4. China Biodiversity Conservation and

Green Development Foundation (CB-

CGDF)

The China Foundation for Biodiversity Conser-

vation and Green Development (CBCGDF), a

uniform social credit code: 53100000500009167K,

is a country-wide non-prot public foundation

and a social legal entity dedicated to conserva-

tion n of biodiversity and green development.

It is an independent NGO on the environment,

biodiversity conservation, sustainability and

CCAfa (“Community Conservation Area”). It is

a member of IUCN and the UN Global Compact,

and an accredited observer of the UN IPBES. It is

also a member of the Global Genome Biodiver-

sity Network (GGBN), a partner of the Conven-

tion on the Conservation of Migratory Species

of Wild Animals (CMS), and an observer of the

Convention on International Trade in Endan-

gered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic

Resources for Food. n and Agriculture (ITPGR-

FA) of the FAO of the United Nations. It is an

ocial data publisher of the Global Biodiversi-

ty Information Facility (GBIF). By far, CBCGDF

has funded hundreds of grassroots NGOs and

supported tens of thousands of people and or-

ganized many environmental and conservation

events across the country to raise awareness, en-

courage people and empower people.

Collaborators:

5. Cervantes Institute

The Cervantes Institute was founded in Spain in

1991. The largest organization of its kind, its mis-

sion is to promote the teaching and learning of

Spanish and to make known the diverse cultures

of Spanish speaking countries.

6. Chaoxuan Intelligent Research Insti-

tute

Chaoxuan is a group enterprise integrating re-

search, operation and service, includes research

institute, intelligent technology, vocational ed-

ucation, human resource service, industrial

operation, nancial capital and other business

segments, and is commied to the top-level con-

struction and systematic service of ecological

scene. Focusing on the strategic deployment of

the State, Chaoxuan adheres to the concept of

selecting the beer of the best and open inter-

connection, gathers expert resources and lead-

ing enterprises, takes research as the lead, takes

Digital Twin and other IOT as the support, takes

vocational education and human resources ser-

vices as the core, collaborates with ecological

platform, helps with capital and together with

public welfare. Chaoxuan has taken the lead in

the construction industry and rural revitaliza-

tion and achieved remarkable results, promot-

ing the transformation and upgrading of tradi-

tional industries and promoting sound economic

and social development. Chaoxuan has national

high-tech, Zhongguancun High-tech, vocational

education, labor dispatch, human resources ser-

vice licensing, radio and TV program production

and more than 200 intellectual property rights

such as patents, Copyrights, trademarks and

so on.Chaoxuan Research Institute is a leading

technology and mode research and development

institution set up by Chaoxuan Group. The Insti-

tute brings together academicians and experts in

various elds, and has an academic commiee

and some expert commiees. Focusing on the

industry’s pain points and social development

needs, the Institute carries out theoretical re-

search, industry research, model design, tech-

nology application, standard compilation and

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

international exchanges, providing strong sup-

port for economic and social development.

7. Media and Information Literacy (MIL)

UNESCO

Our brains depend on information to work op-

timally. The quality of information we engage

with largely determines our perceptions, beliefs

and aitudes. It could be information from oth-

er persons, the media, libraries, archives, muse-

ums, publishers, or other information providers

including those on the Internet. People across the

world are witnessing a dramatic increase in ac-

cess to information and communication. While

some people are starved for information, others

are ooded with print, broadcast and digital

content. Media and Information Literacy (MIL)

provides answers to the questions that we all

ask ourselves at some point. How can we ac-

cess, search, critically assess, use and contribute

content wisely, both online and oine? What

are our rights online and oine? What are the

ethical issues surrounding the access and use

of information? How can we engage with me-

dia and ICTs to promote equality, intercultural

and interreligious dialogue, peace, freedom of

expression and access to information? Through

capacity-building resources, such as curricula

development, policy guidelines and articulation,

and assessment framework, UNESCO supports

the development of MIL competencies among

people. Free and open online courses are avail-

able for self-paced learning about MIL. Through

media and information technologies, the Or-

ganization facilitates networking and research

through the Global Alliance for Partnerships on

MIL (GAPMIL) and MIL University Network.

The recently-launched MIL CLICKS social me-

dia initiative is also part of UNESCO’s strategy

to enable media and information literate societ-

ies.

8. Mega Science

Science popularization means to bring science

to the general public, to disseminate knowledge

and to foster a scientic way of thinking among

people. In particular, science popularization re-

fers to the understanding of science and public

engagement. In this way science populariza-

tion is a powerful tool and a strategic measure

to build a modern society, not only disseminat-

ing useful knowledge and skills but spreading a

general approach and a common culture. In gen-

eral, conicts between science community and

public opinion are connected to people’s distrust

but also to scientists’ prejudice. In some cases,

science is not correctly understood by non-scien-

tist due to the use of technical jargon and wrong

communication. We believe that every topic can

be the object of science popularization; it only

depends on the communication skills of who is

in charge of the dissemination and the way to

disseminate it. That is why we are glad to co-

operate with Mega Science, the rst platform of

science popularization that creates and shares

content in three languages and in diverse areas

of science. Scan the following QR code to know

more about it.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

The Journal of Latin American Sciences and

Culture promotes the

“Green Science Project”

A practical approach emerged to foster

“Media and Information Literacy (MIL)”

“Science Literacy”

“Science Culture Construction (SCC)”

“South - South Biodiversity Science Project

(SSBSP)”

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

The Journal of Latin American Sciences and

Culture is promoting the “Green Science Proj-

ect”. A practical approach emerged to foster

MIL and SCIENCE LITERACY

We live in a technology-driven world, character-

ized by an overarching trend for digitalization

that crosses all sectors of society and in the face

of the growing impact of media. Knowledge,

skills, and aitudes on media and information

increasingly become an essential instrument

for all citizens. The competencies for interac-

tion and engagement of citizens with media and

other information providers, including those on

the Internet, are needed for all citizens and this

is a lifelong learning process to which dierent

stakeholders can contribute, in formal, informal,

and non-formal initiatives.

Media and Information Literacy (MIL) has been

growing steadily in all regions of the world, with

many international and national organizations

and initiatives being held. MIL is an anteced-

ent of science literacy. When MIL is combined

with science literacy, they can empower ordi-

nary citizens to contribute to the ght against

climate change.

The set of competencies to understand how cli-

mate change happens, its impacts, and relevant

mitigation approaches are part of science litera-

cy, often referred to as “climate literacy”. They

are acquired and frequently applied by means of

information, media, and digital technology, and

are thus intertwined with MIL competencies.

Citizens who lack MIL competencies are prone

to climate-related disinformation and unveried

claims disseminated through various forms of

online and oine media. This leads to a low lev-

el of acceptance of climate change science, and

ignorance of the actions that we can all take indi-

vidually and collectively. The uninformed rejec-

tion of climate change science, nowadays quite

common in public discourse, is a major obstacle

and can be tackled with MIL.

Media and technology companies play a cen-

tral role in educating and informing citizens on

climate change. Media outlets and information

ow on digital communications platforms am-

plify the urgency of the crisis, communicate key

facts about climate, and debunk climate change

denial and other conspiracy theories. It is hence

crucial for citizens to know how this news and

online content are produced, for what purposes,

and based on what sources. MIL is also vital for

journalists to ensure factual and evidence-based

reporting on climate.

The work from UNESCO in this regard is

groundbreaking and there are countless eorts

to promote and implement MIL internationally

while accounting for its contribution to SDGs.

Media and information literate citizens and de-

cision-makers are able to access reliable infor-

mation to make informed decisions as regards

consumption and carbon footprint. They are able

to adapt or change their aitudes and behaviors

accordingly to avoid actions or policies that can

exacerbate the crisis, based on accurate informa-

tion and evidence. They are equipped to proac-

tively counter climate change and contribute to

strengthening the public trust in climate change

science.

Our practical approach calls for:

- Raising awareness of the importance of

checking facts related to environmental

sustainability and paying aention to in-

formation sources;

- Providing people with the tools and re-

sources needed to learn how to check

sources of information, spot disinfor-

mation and spread information on the

climate emergency in a responsible way;

- Encouraging people to get informed on

the latest news, facts and research about

the climate emergency and what can be

done at dierent levels.

We aim to bring together experts from dierent

areas of expertise and knowledge about the dif-

ferent levels of MIL maturity or development

that can be found around the globe to sharing of

ideas and experiences. Additionally, it is expect-

ed to focus on challenges in each context with

the objective of informing future policy recom-

mendations on the best strategies to cope with

the identied challenges.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Editorial

Dear authors, reviewers, and readers,

In the coming months, the Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture will continue

publishing world views from various scholars to stimulate further thinking and dialogue about the

connection between humans, biodiversity, green development, the environment, science and tech-

nology, education, and culture.

Eight years remain to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the future does

not seem optimistic. Experts and practitioners believe that most of the policies and solutions im-

plemented so far do not necessarily address the root causes of climate change but look more like a

combination of makeshift and not always coherent patches. The future is still unclear. In addition to

international negotiations and policy, scientists working on sustainability have evolved into a much

broader and more diverse community. Experts focus on environmental pressures, where and why

they occur, and how severe the impacts can be, while businesses and advocates propose solutions to

achieve a more sustainable society. Their work aims to unravel the complexity of the intersections

between humans and nature, and they approach this work from various perspectives. The articles in

this special issue are intended to encourage society, young scientists, and practitioners to reect on

the authors’ views. We hope they will stimulate further thought and discussion.

Finally, we would like to clarify that the ultimate goal is to stimulate debate and encour-

age all those interested in constructive dialogue to think about how to contribute more eectively

to green science, green development, and climate action from a multidisciplinary perspectiveThe

success of the journal is due to the eorts of our international team of editors, board members, anon-

ymous reviewers, authors, readers, and supporting sta. Tremendous eorts have been made to en-

able authors to make decisions on their manuscripts in a short time. We look forward to continuing

our mission with you, our authors, reviewers, and readers, as we continue to serve the journal. Your

suggestions, thoughts, and discussions on how we can move forward are always welcome.

On behalf of the JLASC Editorial Board, we invite you to contribute to the journal world-

wide. The open-access nature of JLASC will allow more authors to make their research visible and

will create opportunities for communication, mutual collaboration, and successful development.

Editorial Board (JLASC)

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

¹ Event: National Dialogue of Social Organizations for Stockholm +50.

Coordinator of the event: Diego Pacheco,

General Director of Geopolitics of Vivir Bien and Foreign Policy,

Vice Presidency of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.

Correspondence: jallpa@yahoo.com

Abstract: The social organizations that make up the Pact of unity

Bolivia and the Central Obrera Boliviana (COB) met on May 17, 2022,

at the Vice Presidency of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, intending to

address the stockholm+50 international meeting.

Keywords: Social Organizations, Pact of Unity, Central Obrera

Boliviana (COB), Plurinational State of Bolivia.

The social organizations that make up the Pact of Unity of Bolivia

and the Central Workers Organization of Bolivia (COB, acronyms in

Spanish) gathered on Tuesday, May 17, at the Vice Presidency of the

Plurinational State of Bolivia, with the objective of addressing the

Stockholm+50 international meeting, to be held on June 2 and 3, 2022,

and thus declare the following:

It is of the utmost urgency and an unpostponable maer to es-

tablish a new civilizational horizon in which Living Well in harmo-

ny with Mother Earth is upheld.

Humanity commenced from an innate bond and respect for

Mother Earth. Thus, human beings and nature were a single organ-

ic unit, tied to a single life cycle. This was the case for a long time

but with time humans divorced themselves from nature. The forces

of colonialism, capitalism, and modernity progressively took human

societies on another course, creating a dichotomy with Mother Earth,

transforming nature is nothing more than an object or commodity in

the hands of a predatory consumer society.

Due to this, Mother Earth is being depleted of its life-carrying

capacities. Unlimited economic growth, a characteristic of capitalism

is leading us to planetary ecocide, expressed in the multiple crises the

world now confronts such as the climate, energy, food, and environ-

mental crises, among others. As such is the case, capitalism can be rep-

resented as a blind monster, slowly eating away at itself and every-

thing that surrounds it, leaving behind depopulated country sides and

chaos in urban seings. Our vital forests, water, and biodiversity are

lost to the jaws of the greed of this blind being.

Event summary

Declaration of social organizations for Stockholm + 50

Social Organizations of the Pact of Unity and Central Obrera Boliviana of the

Plurinational State of Bolivia

Citation: Pacheco, D. (2022).

Declaration of social organi-

zations for Stockholm + 50.

Journal of Latin American Sciences

and Culture, 4(5), 20-38. hps://

doi.org/10.52428/27888991.

v4i5.274

Received: May 24, 2022

Accepted: June 6, 2022

Published: June 29, 2022

Publisher’s Note: JLASC

stays neutral with regard

to jurisdictional claims

in published maps and

institutional aliations.

authors. Submied for open

access publication under the

terms and conditions of the

Creative Commons Aribution

(CC BY) license (hps://

creativecommons.org/licenses/

by/4.0/).

JLASC

Journal of Latin American

Sciences and Culture

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Humanity alienated by the capitalist world system has forgoen

that its existence depends on the vitality of Mother Earth and not the

other way around. Thus, the Anthropocene and capitalism have im-

posed a system that is promoting suering and pain and thus a grad-

ual death to all beings on the face of Mother Earth.

The world and the countries that now make up our reality have

made much progress in regard to speeches and in environmental leg-

islation, but lile to nothing has been done in practice.

We must be self-critical, as hypocrisy has become the standard

when speaking of Mother Earth. People have become indolent with

Mother Earth and lazy in reinstating our relationship with nature. In

many ways, governments, at all levels, have also included the same

hypocrisy as they too state how they take care of nature, though this is

only on paper and do lile in practice. Furthermore, this system which

is now present in multilateral fora is perhaps the greatest expression of

hypocrisy, one which states that the capitalist world, the origin of the

culture of death, is creating a Green Economy disguise, wrapped up in

slogans of care for nature, society, and life. As such is the case, if we be-

lieve in what is being promoted, we are all guilty of the destruction of

Mother Earth. We must thus raise awareness and seek a new trajectory

where Mother Earth and an environmental culture recover the values

of our ancestors and ancient cultures.

As such is the case, the largest and most polluting transnational

companies and corporations must have greater environmental respon-

sibility and must participate in the solutions. Protecting the right to

work, they must promote new forms of sustainable production and

their nancial and technological contribution to the care of Mother

Earth must be greater.

We must thus recognize that we are not doing everything we

should be doing for Mother Earth. We have to promote livelihoods

based on an environmental culture, take care of and access to water,

promote organic agricultural production and consumption of local

products, move away from chemicals and pollutants, recycle and

move towards a circular economy, the rational use of energy, proper

water treatment facilities, moving away from plastics, and promoting

sustainable transport. For this, we have to create new policies in the

short, medium, and long term for the care of Mother Earth, from the

local, national and international levels.

It is necessary to rethink the concept of sustainable development

because in practice this model of development does not exist for the

majority of the world’s population, merely for a privileged few. Sus-

tainable development has become a slogan to consolidate capitalism

in the world. The life of the planet cannot depend on decisions that

respond to capitalist interests and transnational corporations. Other

answers and solutions are required from the international community.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

The answers that humanity and Mother Earth need to change the

current course that is taking us towards planetary ecocide must now

come from indigenous nations and peoples, from the working class,

and from the peoples, because they endure the consequences and still

stand as the true stewards’ Mother Earth and the culture of life.

As social organizations, we state that it is imperative to establish

a new beginning with the help of the international meeting Stockholm

+50, a new “civilizational horizon of Living Well” in harmony with

Mother Earth must be engaged, in order to change the anthropocentric

and capitalist system, a twisted system which harms to such an extent

that only a radically opposed way of life is required, one that must be

based on a cosmobiocentric value scheme that allows us to promote a

reunication between human beings and nature.

To avoid the collapse of humanity and Mother Earth, it is ur-

gent to implement a new model of life centered on Mother Earth in

the world. We have to revive the thought of Living Well in the world,

which is based on the worldview of ancient cultures and peoples that

have now become marginalized by colonial and liberal forces for cen-

turies. Only through their civilization approach can we save the world.

The time to live well is now and it has to come to never go away again.

We have been exploited and humiliated for centuries, but we have re-

sisted and now we return as millions.

In the Living Well paradigm, we not only think about the well-be-

ing of human beings, but also about achieving complementarity, bal-

ance, and harmony among all living beings on Mother Earth, where

everything has life, and the imperative to resolve economic, social in-

justices, environmental and the global imbalance caused by the An-

thropocene and the capitalist world system.

This reunication with nature must take place from the recogni-

tion of Mother Earth as a subject of rights and as a source or origin and

creator of life. In this framework, the rights of human beings must be

reassigned to organize their new relationships with nature and among

themselves. Mother Earth cannot be commodied and enslaved for the

benet of the rich and powerful. Mother Earth should not have owners

and fewer executioners, rather, we should have a continuous relation-

ship of gratitude and respect towards her.

The civilizational horizon of Living Well in harmony with Mother

Earth is the only structural solution we have to face the climate crisis,

the loss of biodiversity, and pollution in the world. It is not a new solu-

tion, it is an alternative provided by an ancient culture that still per-

sists through the peoples that for centuries have been marginalized,

exploited, and ignored.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Contributions from Bolivia towards a healthier planet, with

prosperity and happiness for all.

The working class, the indigenous nations and peoples, the peas-

ants, intercultural communities, and the majority of the Bolivian peo-

ple, have taken political power at the head of our social organizations

to build a Democratic Cultural Revolution and a process of change that

radically modies the colonial, political, economic and social struc-

tures that brought inequality and injustice to the Bolivian people for

many centuries.

In Bolivia, social organizations have a fundamental role in the

construction of the Living Well in harmony with the Mother Earth par-

adigm, one that moves towards decolonization and depatriarchaliza-

tion, so that no one is superior to anyone so that no one feels the owner

of anyone, and so that everyone and all become complementary.

Our greatest advances have to do with:

• The construction of a Plurinational State recogniz-

es indigenous nations and peoples that have their

own cosmovision and ancestral practices. The con-

stitutionalization of their rights with a decoloniz-

ing and depatriarchalizing approach.

• The recognition and exercise of political, economic,

and legal pluralism as a basis for Living Well. It is

important to promote and spread the experience of

community justice, plural economy, social control,

and co-responsible participation between the State

and society.

• The recognition and application of the rights of in-

digenous nations and peoples, peasant and inter-

cultural communities.

• The recognition of the rights of Mother Earth as a

collective subject of law, and the opening of a glob-

al dialogue on water, as a subject of law.

• The revaluation of traditional medicine, its healing

practices, and natural medicines becoming a real

alternative to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic.

• The construction of a productive communitarian

social economic model, with the nationalization,

generation, and control of the surpluses of the stra-

tegic sectors of the economy, makes it possible to

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

redistribute income and reduce poverty and ex-

treme poverty. To cite some subsidies, the imple-

mentation of vouchers for vulnerable sectors has

improved living conditions; and the “Bolivianiza-

tion” of the currency has stabilized the national

economy.

• The strengthening of agricultural food systems and

the recognition of ancestral practices of cultivation

and harvesting, promote food sovereignty in the

country.

We have built a more equitable, fairer country, with greater ac-

cess for the population to the strategic resources that are the heritage

of the Bolivian people and to their benet.

In Bolivia, we have recognized the rights of Mother Earth, al-

though we still face challenges in their implementation and we need

to move towards the creation of the Mother Earth Ombudsman. Great-

er awareness of the general population is required to understand that

Mother Earth is our mother, she is the source and origin of life, and

that we are all her daughters and sons. To do this, it is necessary to

promote agroecology, recovering ancestral seeds and practices.

At the international level, we have worked on People’s Diploma-

cy, understanding that it is the people, from their social organizations,

who have to work out their own solutions to the problems that aict

them, accompanied by the decisions of the governments that must rule

by obeying the people’s.

Measures and means of implementation to deepen the environ-

mental dimension of Living Well.

As long as the capitalist world system persists, the climate crisis,

the loss of biodiversity, and pollution will persist and it will not be

possible to Live Well in harmony with Mother Earth, much less with

happiness among all living beings.

It is necessary to eliminate at the global level the social, econom-

ic, and technological gaps between developed countries, developing

countries, and within countries. As long as this gap persists, and con-

tinues to grow, there will be no possibility of guaranteeing a full and

happy life for humanity and Mother Earth. You cannot Live Well in

the world if the majority of the population lives in misery, insecurity,

and poverty.

It is impossible to build a world of Living Well if the economic,

nancial, political, and technological power is concentrated in a few

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

developed countries and in a few people and transnational corpora-

tions that decide on the future and destiny of the planet.

For this reason, the participation of States in economic develop-

ment and in the generation of wealth in their countries is important,

promoting structural solutions to the problems of poverty and in-

equalities, and taking rm steps towards the right of countries to Live

Well. As long as poverty and inequalities exist nationally and interna-

tionally, there will continue to be violence against Mother Earth and

against all living beings.

It is thus necessary to consolidate economic processes for the ben-

et of the people and build fair markets at a global level. This can only

be achieved with the development and transfer of clean technology

from developed countries to developing countries. In addition, it is not

necessary to create technological dependency of the countries of the

South towards the countries of the North, but rather to eliminate the

existing technological gaps.

The surplus generated in the economic process has to be redistrib-

uted to pay o historical debts with the people and to restore Mother

Earth. At the global level, it is urgent to implement a mechanism to

pay the climate debt and other debts resulting from the conquest and

colonization by developed countries of developing countries.

It is impossible to solve the climate crisis if mechanisms for the

international transfer of carbon emissions between countries continue

to be promoted. In addition, the establishment of net zero goals by

2050 for all countries will initiate new carbon colonialism, due to the

very soft goals for developed countries and which gives them a wide

margin and exibility to change their energy matrix, while it sets very

hard and impossible goals for developing countries to meet. This will

put in place nancial and institutional structures that will trap devel-

oping countries in networks of greater nancial and technological de-

pendence and will not lead to a just transition of developing countries

in changing their energy matrixes.

From Bolivia, we promote cooperative and non-market-based ap-

proaches to solving the climate crisis, through the provision of nanc-

ing and technologies from developed countries to developing coun-

tries, within the framework of equity and common but dierentiated

responsibilities. Likewise, the establishment of an International Court

of Climate Justice is essential.

It is impossible to solve the loss of biodiversity in the world if the

developed countries leave all the nancial responsibility to the devel-

oping countries, and only try to aack the eects and not the causes

of violence against Mother Earth, which are poverty and the profound

inequality that still exists in the world.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

It is impossible to solve pollution in the world if there is no trans-

fer of technology and access to markets with fair prices to advance

onto circular economy alternatives alongside solid and liquid waste

management in developing countries.

It is not possible to solve the environmental problems in the

world if we delve into all the measures and actions that are proposed

by green capitalism, such as solutions based on nature, the commodi-

cation of natural capital, bioeconomy, and green nancing.

A comprehensive view is required to resolve the multiple crises

the world confronts, with the main objective of caring for all life on

Mother Earth. That is why, from the social organizations of Bolivia, we

support the initiative of the Secretary General of the United Nations,

Antonio Guterres, to convene an Earth Assembly, to discuss the solu-

tion of economic, social, and environmental problems from a cosmo-

biocentric approach between humanity and Mother Earth.

Stockholm +50 has to be the rst step to change the anthropocen-

tric and capitalist world system for the cosmobiocentric civilizational

horizon of Living Well in harmony with Mother Earth to recover the

“Ajayu” (soul) of Mother Earth.

Conicts of Interest: The author declares no conict of interest.

References

A healthy planet for the prosperity of all - our responsibility, our opportunity. Stockhol+50. May 25,

2020. hps://www.stockholm50.global/.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

事件:斯德哥尔摩社会组织全国对话+50。

地缘政治和外交政策协调官 Diego Pacheco

多民族玻利维亚国副总统 Vivir Bien

电子邮件:jallpa@yahoo.com

Abstract: The social organizations that make up the Pact of unity

Bolivia and the Central Obrera Boliviana (COB) met on May 17, 2022,

at the Vice Presidency of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, intending to

address the stockholm+50 international meeting.

Keywords: Social Organizations, Pact of Unity, Central Obrera

Boliviana (COB), Plurinational State of Bolivia.

组成玻利维亚统一公约（Pact of Unity of Bolivia）和玻利维亚中

央工人组织（ Central Workers Organization of Bolivia，COB，西班

牙语首字母缩略词）的社会组织于 5 月 17 日星期二聚集在多民族玻利

维亚国副总统府召开会议，旨在针对将于 2022 年 6 月 2 日至 3 日

举行的斯德哥尔摩+50 国际会议发布宣言，宣布内容如下：

建立一个新的文明视野，维护与地球母亲和谐相处的美好生活，

是当务之急和不可拖延的事情。

人类起源于与生俱来的纽带和对地球母亲的尊重。因此，人类和

自然是一个单一的有机单元，与一个单一的生命周期联系在一起。很

长一段时间都是如此，但随着时间的推移，人类与自然脱节。殖民主

义、资本主义和现代性的力量逐渐将人类社会带入了另一条道路，与

地球母亲形成了二分法，改造自然只不过是掠夺性消费社会手中的物

品或商品。

因此，地球母亲的生命承载能力正在耗尽。无限的经济增长是资

本主义的一个特征，它正在导致我们走向地球生态灭绝，这体现在世

界现在面临的多重危机中，例如气候、能源、粮食和环境危机等。在

这种情况下，资本主义可以被描绘成一个盲目的怪物，慢慢地吞噬自

己和周围的一切，留下人口稀少的乡村和城市环境中的混乱。我们重

要的森林、水和生物多样性在这个盲目的贪婪的怪物嘴里消失了。

被资本主义世界体系异化的人类忘记了它的存在取决于地球母亲

的活力，而不是相反。因此，人类世和资本主义强加了一个促进痛苦

和痛苦的系统，从而导致地球母亲表面上的所有生物逐渐死亡。

现在构成我们现实的世界和国家在演讲和环境立法方面取得了很

大进展，但在实践中几乎没有做任何事情。

我们必须自我批评，因为虚伪已成为谈论地球母亲的标准。人们

对地球母亲变得懒惰，懒惰地恢复我们与自然的关系。在许多方面，

Citation: Pacheco, D. (2022).

Declaration of social

organizations for Stockholm

+ 50. Journal of Latin

American Sciences and Culture,

4(5), 20-38. hps://doi.

org/10.52428/27888991.v4i5.274

Received: May 24, 2022

Accepted: June 6, 2022

Published: June 29, 2022

Publisher’s Note: JLASC

stays neutral with regard

to jurisdictional claims

in published maps and

institutional aliations.

authors. Submied for open

access publication under the

terms and conditions of the

Creative Commons Aribution

(CC BY) license (hps://

creativecommons.org/licenses/

by/4.0/).

Event summary

斯德哥尔摩+50社会组织宣言

作者：多民族玻利维亚国团结公约社会组织和中奥布雷拉玻利维亚.

JLASC

Journal of Latin American

Sciences and Culture

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

各级政府也同样虚伪，因为它们也声明了它们如何保护自然，尽管这

只是纸上谈兵，实际上很少付诸实践。此外，这个现在出现在多边论

坛上的制度也许是虚伪的最大表现，它声称资本主义世界，死亡文化

的起源，正在创造一种绿色经济的伪装，包裹在关爱自然、社会和生

活的口号中。因此，如果我们相信正在推广的东西，我们都对地球母

亲的毁灭负有责任。因此，我们必须提高认识并寻求新的轨迹，让地

球母亲和环境文化恢复我们祖先和古代文化的价值观。

在这种情况下，最大和污染最严重的跨国公司和公司必须承担更

大的环境责任，必须参与解决方案。为了保护工作权，他们必须促进

新形式的可持续生产，并且它们必须为关爱地球母亲做出更大的财政

和技术贡献。

因此，我们必须认识到，我们并没有做我们应该为地球母亲做的

一切。我们必须促进基于环境文化的生计，照顾和获得水，促进有机

农业生产和当地产品的消费，远离化学品和污染物，循环利用并走向

循环经济，合理使用能源，适当的水处理设施，远离塑料，促进可持

续交通。为此，我们必须在地方、国家和国际层面制定关爱地球母亲

的短期、中期和长期新政策。

有必要重新思考可持续发展的概念，因为在实践中，这种发展模

式并不适用于世界上的大多数人，而只适用于少数特权阶层。可持续

发展已成为巩固世界资本主义的口号。地球的生命不能依赖于回应资

本主义利益和跨国公司的决定。需要国际社会提供其他答案和解决方

案。

人类和地球母亲需要改变目前正带我们走向地球生态灭绝的道路

的答案现在必须来自土著民族和人民、工人阶级和人民，因为他们承

受了后果，仍然是地球母亲和生命文化的真正管理者。

作为社会组织，我们表示，必须借助斯德哥尔摩+50国际会议建立

一个新的开始，必须参与与地球母亲和谐相处的新的“美好生活的文

明视野”，以改变以人类为中心的观念。和资本主义制度，这是一个

扭曲的制度，它的危害如此之大，以至于只需要一种完全相反的生活

方式，一种必须基于一种以宇宙生物为中心的价值体系，使我们能够

促进人类与自然的统一。

为了避免人类和地球母亲的崩溃，在世界范围内实施一种以地

球母亲为中心的新生活模式迫在眉睫。我们必须重振“在世界上过得

好”的思想，这种思想基于古代文化和民族的世界观，而这些文化和

民族现在已经被殖民和自由主义力量边缘化了几个世纪。只有通过他

们的文明方式，我们才能拯救世界。现在是过好日子的时候了，它必

须永远不会再消失。几个世纪以来，我们一直被剥削和羞辱，但我们

一直抵抗，现在我们以数百万人的身份回归。

在“美好生活”范式中，我们不仅要考虑人类的福祉，还要考

虑在万物皆有生命的地球母亲上实现所有生物之间的互补、平衡与和

谐，以及解决经济、社会问题的必要性。人类世和资本主义世界体系

造成的不公正、环境和全球失衡。

这种与自然的重新统一必须从承认地球母亲作为权利主体以及

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

作为生命的来源或起源和创造者开始。在这个框架下，人类的权利必

须重新分配，以组织他们与自然以及彼此之间的新关系。地球母亲不

能为了有钱有势的人的利益而被商品化和奴役。地球母亲不应该有主

人，不应该有更少的刽子手，相反，我们应该对她有一种持续的感激

和尊重的关系。

与地球母亲和谐共处的文明视野是我们必须面对气候危机、生物

多样性丧失和世界污染的唯一结构性解决方案。这不是一个新的解决

方案，它是一种古老文化提供的替代方案，它仍然存在于几个世纪以

来一直被边缘化、剥削和忽视的民族中。

玻利维亚为建设更健康的地球、为所有人带来繁荣和幸福所做的

贡献。

工人阶级、土著民族和人民、农民、跨文化社区和大多数玻利维

亚人民，在我们社会组织的领导下取得了政治权力，以建立民主文化

革命和彻底改变几个世纪以来给玻利维亚人民带来不平等和不公正的

殖民、政治、经济和社会结构。

在玻利维亚，社会组织在建设与地球母亲范式和谐相处的美好

生活中发挥着重要作用，这一范式朝着非殖民化和去父权化的方向发

展，因此没有人优于任何人，因此没有人觉得自己是任何人的主人，

让每个人都变得互补。

我们最大的进步：

a.多民族国家的建设承认有自己的宇宙观和祖传习俗的土著

民族和人民。以非殖民化和去父权制的方式将他们的权利宪

法化。

b.承认和行使政治、经济和法律多元化，作为美好生活的基

础。促进和传播社区正义、多元经济、社会控制和国家与社

会共同负责参与的经验非常重要。

c.承认和应用土著民族和人民、农民和跨文化社区的权利。

d.承认地球母亲的权利是一个共同的法律主体，并开启关于

水的全球对话，作为一个法律主体。

e.对传统医学、其治疗方法和天然药物的重新评估成为应对

新冠病毒疫情大流行的真正替代方案。

f.建设富有成效的社区社会经济模式，将战略性经济部门的

产生和控制的盈余国有化，使重新分配收入和减少贫困和极

端贫困成为可能。以一些补贴为例，针对弱势群体的代金券

的实施改善了生活条件；货币的“玻利维亚化”稳定了国民

经济。

g.加强农业粮食系统和承认祖传的耕作和收获做法，促进了

该国的粮食主权。

我们建立了一个更平等、更公平的国家，让人民更容易获得属于

玻利维亚人民遗产的战略资源并造福于他们。

在玻利维亚，我们承认地球母亲的权利，尽管我们在实施这些

权利方面仍然面临挑战，我们需要朝着创建地球母亲监察员的方向迈

进。需要提高普通民众的意识，以了解地球母亲是我们的母亲，她是

生命的源泉和起源，我们都是她的子女。为此，有必要促进农业生态

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

学，恢复祖传种子和做法。

在国际层面，我们致力于人民外交，理解人民，来自他们的社会

组织，必须为困扰他们的问题制定自己的解决方案，同时政府的决定

必须服务于人民。

深化“美好生活”环境维度的措施和实施方式

只要资本主义世界体系持续存在，气候危机、生物多样性丧失和

污染就会持续存在，就不可能与地球母亲和谐相处，更不用说让所有

生物都幸福了。

有必要在全球层面消除发达国家、发展中国家和国家内部之间的

社会、经济和技术差距。只要这种差距持续存在并继续扩大，就不可

能保证人类和地球母亲过上充实而幸福的生活。如果大多数人生活在

苦难、不安全和贫困中，你就无法在这个世界上过得很好。

如果经济、金融、政治和技术力量集中在少数几个发达国家和少

数几个决定地球未来和命运的人和跨国公司手中，就不可能建立一个

宜居世界。

出于这个原因，各国参与经济发展和本国财富的创造非常重要，

促进贫困和不平等问题的结构性解决方案，并朝着各国享有美好生活

的权利迈出了坚实的一步。只要在国内和国际上存在贫困和不平等，

就会继续存在针对地球母亲和所有生物的暴力行为。

因此，有必要为了人民的利益巩固经济进程，并在全球范围内建

立公平的市场。这只能通过发达国家向发展中国家开发和转让清洁技

术来实现。此外，没有必要造成南方国家对北方国家的技术依赖，而

是消除现有的技术差距。

必须重新分配经济过程中产生的盈余，以偿还与人民的历史债务

并恢复地球母亲。在全球层面，迫切需要建立机制来偿还发达国家对

发展中国家的征服和殖民造成的气候债务和其他债务。

如果继续推动国家间碳排放的国际转移机制，就不可能解决气候

危机。此外，为所有国家制定到 2050 年的净零目标将引发新的碳殖民

主义，因为发达国家的目标非常软，这给了它们很大的余地和灵活性

来改变他们的能源矩阵，而它设定了非常困难和发展中国家不可能实

现的目标。这将建立金融和体制结构，使发展中国家陷入对金融和技

术依赖程度更高的网络中，不会导致发展中国家在改变其能源矩阵方

面进行公正的过渡。

在玻利维亚，我们通过在公平和共同但有区别的责任框架内，通

过从发达国家向发展中国家提供资金和技术，促进以合作和非市场为

基础的方法来解决气候危机。同样，建立国际气候法庭也至关重要。

如果发达国家把所有的经济责任都交给发展中国家，只针对对地

球母亲的暴力行为的后果而不是原因，即贫困和严重的不平等，是不

可能解决世界生物多样性丧失的问题的。问题仍然存在于世界上。

如果没有技术转让和以公平价格进入市场以推进循环经济替代方

案以及发展中国家的固体和液体废物管理，就不可能解决世界上的污

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

染问题。

如果我们深入研究绿色资本主义提出的所有措施和行动，例如基

于自然的解决方案、自然资本的商品化、生物经济和绿色金融，就不

可能解决世界环境问题。

解决世界面临的多重危机需要一个全面的观点，主要目标是关

爱地球母亲上的所有生命。这就是为什么我们来自玻利维亚的社会组

织，支持联合国秘书长安东尼奥·古特雷斯（Antonio Guterres）召

开地球大会的倡议，以讨论从以宇宙生物为中心的方法解决人类和地

球母亲之间的经济、社会和环境问题。

斯德哥尔摩+50会议必须是改变人类中心主义和资本主义世界体系

的第一步，以实现与地球母亲和谐相处的以宇宙生物为中心的文明视

野，以恢复地球母亲的“Ajayu”（灵魂）。

Conicts of Interest: The author declares no conict of interest.

References

A healthy planet for the prosperity of all - our responsibility, our opportunity. Stockhol+50. May 25,

2020. hps://www.stockholm50.global/.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Evento: Diálogo Nacional de Organizaciones Sociales para Estocolmo +50.

Coordinador del evento: Diego Pacheco,

Director General de Geopolítica de Vivir Bien y Política Exterior, Vicepresidencia del

Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. * Correspondence: jallpa@yahoo.com

Resumen: Las organizaciones sociales que integran el Pacto de

Unidad de Bolivia y la Central Obrera Bolviana (COB) se reunieron

el 17 de mayo de 2022 en la Vicepresidencia del Estado Plurinacional

de Bolivia, con el objetivo de abordar el encuentro internacional

Estocolmo+50.

Palabras clave: Organizaciones Sociales, Pacto de Unidad, Central

Obrera Boliviana, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia.

Las organizaciones sociales del Pacto de Unidad de Bolivia y la

Central Obrera Boliviana, reunidas el día martes 17 de mayo en la

Vicepresidencia del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, con motivo de la

realización de la reunión internacional Estocolmo+50, a llevarse a cabo

los días 2 y 3 de junio de 2022, declaramos.

Es una urgencia impostergable establecer en el mundo el hor-

izonte civilizatorio del Vivir Bien en armonía con la Madre Tierra.

La humanidad nació con una ligazón y un respeto muy fuerte a la

Madre Tierra. Los seres humanos y la naturaleza eran una sola unidad

orgánica, una sola energía y un solo ciclo vital. Así fue durante mucho

tiempo, pero luego los seres humanos se divorciaron de la naturale-

za. Las fuerzas del colonialismo, el capitalismo y la modernidad han

hecho que progresivamente las personas pierdan casi todo contacto

con la Madre Tierra, que no es más que un objeto o mercancía de su

consumismo depredador.

Nuestra Madre Tierra está muriendo día a día. El crecimiento

económico sin límites del capitalismo nos está llevando a un ecocidio

planetario, cuyas expresiones son las múltiples crisis en el mundo,

como son la crisis climática, energética, alimentaria, ambiental, entre

otras. El capitalismo, es un monstruo que está comiendo poco a poco

la naturaleza y sus ecosistemas. Estamos viviendo un despoblamien-

to del campo y desorden en los centros urbanos. Se están perdiendo

nuestros bosques, agua y biodiversidad que son vitales.

Resumen de evento

Declaración de las organizaciones sociales para Esto-

colmo + 50

Organizaciones Sociales del Pacto de Unidad y Central Obrera Boliviana del

Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia

Citar como: Pacheco, D. (2022).

Declaración de organizaciones

sociales para Estocolmo + 50.

Journal of Latin American Sciences

and Culture, 4(5), 20-38. hps://

doi.org/10.52428/27888991.

v4i5.274

Recibido: 24 de Mayo de 2022

Aceptado: 6 de Junio de 2022

Publicado: 29 de Junio de 2022

Nota del editor: JLASC

se mantiene neutral con

respecto a las reclamaciones

jurisdiccionales en los mapas

publicados y las aliaciones

institucionales.

los autores. Enviado para

publicación de acceso abierto

bajo los términos y condi-

ciones de la licencia Creative

Com-mons Aribution (CC BY)

(hps://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by/4.0/).

JLASC

Journal of Latin American

Sciences and Culture

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

La humanidad alienada por el sistema mundial capitalista ha

olvidado de que su existencia depende de la vida de la Madre Tierra y

no al revés, ya que la Madre Tierra no necesita de los seres humanos. El

Antropoceno y el capitalismo han impuesto un sistema que está dan-

do una muerte paulatina y con mucho sufrimiento y dolor a la Madre

Tierra.

En el mundo y en los países se ha avanzado mucho en los dis-

cursos y en la legislación ambiental en los distintos sectores, pero casi

nada o muy poco se cumple en la práctica.

Tenemos que ser autocríticos, todos somos hipócritas con la

Madre Tierra. Las personas nos hemos vuelto indolentes con la Madre

Tierra y somos ojos con la naturaleza. Muchos gobiernos en todos

los niveles también son hipócritas porque dicen que están cuidando la

naturaleza, pero sólo en el papel y poco hacen en la práctica. Pero hay

una hipocresía mundial que es la mayor de todas, cuando el sistema

mundial capitalista que es el origen de la cultura de la muerte se está

maquillando y disfrazando, a través del capitalismo verde, como si

este fuera un sistema del cuidado de la naturaleza y de la vida. Todos

somos culpables de la destrucción de la Madre Tierra. Tenemos que

despertar la conciencia del cuidado de la Madre Tierra y de una cultu-

ra ambiental recuperando los valores de nuestros ancestros y culturas

milenarias.

Las empresas y corporaciones transnacionales más grandes y

contaminantes tienen que tener mayor responsabilidad ambiental y

deben participar en las soluciones. Protegiendo el derecho al trabajo,

tienen que promover nuevas formas de producción sustentable y su

contribución nanciera y tecnológica para el cuidado de la Madre Tier-

ra tiene que ser mayor.

Reconocemos que no estamos haciendo todo lo que deberíamos

hacer con la Madre Tierra. Tenemos que vivir en base a una cultura

ambiental, realizar el cuidado y acceso al agua, promover la produc-

ción agrícola orgánica y consumo de lo nuestro, sin químicos y con-

taminantes, reciclaje e industrialización de la basura, uso racional de

la energía, planta de tratamiento de aguas, cambiar el uso de plásticos,

y transporte sustentable. Tenemos que crear nuevas políticas a corto,

mediano y largo plazo para el cuidado de la Madre Tierra, desde los

ámbitos locales, nacionales y en el ámbito internacional.

Es necesario repensar el concepto de desarrollo sostenible porque

es un mito que no existe para la mayoría de la población mundial sino

sólo para unos pocos privilegiados. El desarrollo sostenible se ha con-

vertido en la correa transmisora para consolidar el capitalismo en el

mundo. La vida del planeta no puede depender de las decisiones que

responden a los intereses capitalistas y a las corporaciones transnacio-

nales. Se requieren otras respuestas y soluciones desde la comunidad.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Las respuestas que la humanidad y la Madre Tierra necesitan

para cambiar el actual rumbo que nos está llevando hacia el ecocidio

planetario tienen que venir ahora de las naciones y pueblos indígenas,

de los trabajadores, de la clase obrera y de los pueblos, porque somos

los verdaderos defensores y guardianes de la Madre Tierra y de la cul-

tura de la vida.

Las organizaciones sociales decimos que es un imperativo esta-

blecer en el mundo, a partir de la reunión internacional de Estocolmo

+50, el “horizonte civilizatorio del Vivir Bien” en armonía con la Madre

Tierra, para cambiar el sistema antropocéntrico y capitalista, que tanto

daño nos han hecho, por otro modo de vida radicalmente opuesto que

esté basado en el cosmobiocentrismo y que nos permita impulsar el

reencuentro de los seres humanos con la naturaleza.

Para evitar el colapso de la humanidad y de la Madre Tierra es

urgente implementar en el mundo un nuevo modelo de vida centrado

en la Madre Tierra. Tenemos que hacer renacer en el mundo el pens-

amiento del Vivir Bien, que se basa en la cosmovisión de los pueblos

ancestrales y milenarios que ha sido marginada por las fuerzas colo-

niales y liberales durante muchos siglos. Nuestro pensamiento puede

salvar al mundo. El tiempo del Vivir bien es ahora y tiene que llegar

para no irse nunca más. Nos han explotado y humillado por más de

500 años, pero hemos resistido y hemos vuelto millones.

En el Vivir Bien no sólo se piensa en el bienestar de los seres hu-

manos sino en lograr la complementariedad, equilibrio y armonía en-

tre todos los seres vivos de la Madre Tierra, donde todo tiene vida, y

en el imperativo de resolver las injusticias económicas, sociales, ambi-

entales y el desequilibrio mundial ocasionado por el Antropoceno y el

sistema mundial capitalista.

El reencuentro con la naturaleza debe darse a partir del recono-

cimiento de la Madre Tierra como sujeto de derechos y como fuente

de origen y criadora de la vida. En ese marco se deben reasignar los

derechos de los seres humanos para organizar sus nuevas relaciones

con la naturaleza y entre ellos mismos. La Madre Tierra no puede ser

mercantilizada y esclavizada para benecio de los ricos y poderosos.

La Madre Tierra no debe tener dueños y menos verdugos, más bien,

debemos tener una relación continua de agradecimiento y respeto ha-

cia ella.

El horizonte civilizatorio del Vivir Bien en armonía con la Madre

Tierra, es la única solución estructural que tenemos para enfrentar la

crisis climática, la pérdida de biodiversidad y la contaminación en el

mundo. No es una solución nueva, es una alternativa de tiempo mile-

narios que se levanta desde los pueblos que por siglos han sido mar-

ginados, explotados e ignorados.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Aportes desde Bolivia hacia un planeta más saludable, con

prosperidad y felicidad para todas y todos.

La clase trabajadora, las naciones y pueblos indígenas, los camp-

esinos, comunidades interculturales y la mayoría del pueblo boliviano,

hemos tomado el poder político a la cabeza de nuestras organizaciones

sociales para construir una Revolución Democrática Cultural y un pro-

ceso de cambio que modique radicalmente las estructuras coloniales

y capitalistas económicas, políticas y sociales que trajeron desigualdad

e injusticia para el pueblo boliviano durante muchos siglos.

En Bolivia las organizaciones sociales tenemos un papel funda-

mental en la construcción del Vivir Bien en armonía con la Madre Tier-

ra, hacia la descolonización y despatriarcalización, para que nadie sea

superior a nadie, para que nadie se sienta dueño de nadie, y para que

todas y todos seamos complementarios.

Nuestros mayores avances tienen que ver con:

• La construcción de un Estado plurinacional que recon-

oce a las naciones y pueblos indígena originarios con

sus propias cosmovisiones y prácticas ancestrales y

milenarias. La constitucionalización de derechos con un

enfoque descolonizador y despatriarcalizador.

• El reconocimiento y ejercicio del pluralismo político,

económico, jurídico como base para el Vivir Bien. Es im-

portante potenciar y difundir la experiencia de la justi-

cia comunitaria, la economía plural, el control social y

la participación corresponsable entre Estado y sociedad.

• El reconocimiento y aplicación de los derechos de las na-

ciones y pueblos indígenas, comunidades campesinas e

interculturales.

• El reconocimiento de los derechos de la Madre Tierra

como sujeto colectivo de derecho, y la apertura a un

diálogo mundial sobre el agua, como sujeto de derecho.

• La revalorización de la medicina tradicional, sus prác-

ticas curativas y medicamentos naturales se ha consti-

tuido en una alternativa real para hacer frente a la pan-

demia del Covid-19.

• La construcción de un modelo económico social comu-

nitario productivo, con la nacionalización, generación

y control de los excedentes de los sectores estratégicos

de la economía, ha permitido redistribuir los ingresos y

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

reducir la pobreza y extrema pobreza. Por citar algunas

medidas, la implementación de bonos a sectores vulner-

ables ha mejorado sus condiciones de vida; y la “boliv-

ianización” de la moneda ha estabilizado la economía

nacional.

• El fortalecimiento de los sistemas alimentarios de la ag-

ricultura y el reconocimiento de prácticas ancestrales

de cultivo y cosechas, hacia la soberanía alimentaria de

nuestro país.

Hemos construido un país más equitativo, más justo, y con may-

or acceso de la población a los recursos estratégicos que son patrimo-

nio del pueblo boliviano y a sus benecios.

En Bolivia hemos reconocido los derechos de la Madre Tierra,

aunque todavía enfrentamos desafíos en su implementación y necesi-

tamos avanzar hacia la creación de la Defensoría de la Madre Tierra.

Se requiere mayor conciencia de la población en general para entender

que la Madre Tierra es nuestra madre, es la fuente y el origen de la

vida, y que todas y todos somos sus hijas e hijos. Para ello, se hace

necesario potenciar la agroecología, recuperando las semillas y prácti-

cas ancestrales.

A nivel internacional hemos trabajado en la Diplomacia de los

Pueblos, entendiendo que son los pueblos, desde sus organizaciones

sociales, quienes tienen que trabajar sus propias soluciones a los prob-

lemas que les aquejan, acompañados por las decisiones de los gobier-

nos que deben mandar obedeciendo al pueblo.

Medidas y medios de implementación para profundizar la di-

mensión ambiental del Vivir Bien.

Mientras persista el sistema mundial capitalista persistirá la cri-

sis climática, la pérdida de biodiversidad y la contaminación y no se

podrá Vivir Bien en armonía con la Madre Tierra, menos aún con feli-

cidad entre todos los seres vivos.

Es necesario eliminar a nivel global las brechas sociales, económi-

cas y tecnológicas entre los países desarrollados, los países en desarrol-

lo y dentro de los países. Mientras persista esta brecha, y pero aún siga

creciendo, no existirá ninguna posibilidad de garantizar la vida plena

y feliz de la humanidad y de la Madre Tierra. No se puede Vivir Bien

en el mundo si la mayoría de la población vive en miseria, inseguridad

y pobreza.

Es imposible construir un mundo para Vivir Bien si el poder

económico, nanciero, político y tecnológico se centre en pocos países

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

desarrollados y en unas cuantas personas y corporaciones transnacio-

nales que deciden sobre el futuro y el destino del planeta.

Es por ello importante la participación de los Estados en el de-

sarrollo económico y en la generación de riqueza en sus países, pro-

moviendo soluciones estructurales a los problemas de la pobreza y las

desigualdades, y dando pasos rmes en el derecho de los países a Vivir

Bien. Mientras exista pobreza y desigualdades en lo nacional e inter-

nacional seguirá existiendo violencia contra la Madre Tierra y contra

todos los seres vivos.

Es necesario consolidar procesos de industrialización para ben-

ecio de los pueblos y construir mercados justos a nivel global. Esto

sólo se puede lograr con el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología no

contaminante desde los países desarrollados hacia los países en vías de

desarrollo. Además, no se tiene que crear dependencia tecnológica de

los países del sur hacia los países del norte sino más bien eliminar las

brechas tecnológicas existentes.

El excedente generado en el proceso económico tiene que redis-

tribuirse para saldar deudas históricas con los pueblos y para restau-

rar la Madre Tierra. A nivel mundial, es urgente poner en marcha un

mecanismo de pago de la deuda climática y otras deudas producto de

la conquista y colonización por parte de los países desarrollados hacia

los países en desarrollo.

Es imposible resolver la crisis climática si se siguen promoviendo

mecanismos para la transferencia internacional de emisiones de carbo-

no entre los países. Además, el establecimiento de metas netas cero al

2050 para todos los países dará inicio a un nuevo colonialismo de car-

bono, porque esta medida dene metas muy blandas para los países

desarrollados y les da un amplio margen y exibilidad para cambiar

su matriz energética, mientras que establece metas muy duras e im-

posibles de cumplir para los países en desarrollo. Esto pondrá en mar-

cha estructuras nancieras e institucionales que atraparán a los países

en desarrollo en redes de mayor dependencia nanciera y tecnológica

y no se dará lugar a una transición justa de los países en desarrollo en

el cambio de sus matrices energéticas.

Desde Bolivia promovemos los enfoques de cooperación y no

basados en los mercados para dar solución a la crisis climática, a

través de la provisión de nanciamiento y tecnologías de los países

desarrollados a los países en desarrollo, en el marco de la equidad y

responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas. Asimismo, es esencial

el establecimiento de un Tribunal Internacional de Justicia Climática.

Es imposible resolver la pérdida de la biodiversidad en el mundo

si los países desarrollados dejan toda la responsabilidad nanciera a

los países en desarrollo, y solamente tratan de atacar los efectos y no

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

las causas de las violencias contra la Madre Tierra, que son la pobreza

y la profunda desigualdad que todavía existe en el mundo.

Es imposible resolver la contaminación en el mundo si no existe

transferencia de tecnología y acceso a mercados con precios justos para

avanzar en alternativas de economía circular y gestión de residuos só-

lidos y líquidos en los países en desarrollo.

No es posible resolver los problemas ambientales en el mundo

si profundizamos en todas las medidas y acciones que se proponen

desde el capitalismo verde, como son las soluciones basadas en la na-

turaleza, la valorización del capital natural, la bioeconomía y el nan-

ciamiento verde.

Se requiere de una mirada integral para resolver las múltiples cri-

sis del mundo teniendo como principal objetivo el cuidado de la vida

de la Madre Tierra. Es por ello que, desde las organizaciones sociales

de Bolivia, respaldamos la iniciativa del secretario general de Naciones

Unidas, Antonio Guterres, de convocar a una Asamblea de la Tierra,

para discutir desde los enfoques cosmobiocéntricos la solución de los

problemas económicos, sociales y ambientales de la humanidad y de

la Madre Tierra.

Estocolmo +50 tiene que ser el primer paso para cambiar el siste-

ma mundial antropocéntrico y capitalista por el horizonte civilizatorio

cosmobiocéntrico del Vivir Bien en armonía con la Madre Tierra para

recuperar el “Ajayu” (alma) de nuestra Madre Tierra.

Conictos de intereses: El autor declara que no hay conicto de inter-

eses.

Referencias

A healthy planet for the prosperity of all - our responsibility, our opportunity. Stockhol+50.

May 25, 2020. hps://www.stockholm50.global/.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Investigadora postdoctoral, Facultad de Estudios Hispánicos y Portugueses, Univer-

sidad de Estudios Extranjeros de Beijing, China.

* Correspondencia: shiyansoa@gmail.com

Resumen: La Filología Hispánica como carrera universitaria ha

experimentado desarrollo rápido en China, lo cual permite a cada vez

más jóvenes elegir el español como segunda lengua extranjera y tener

a los países hispanohablantes como concentración de su estudio. Los

graduados de tales programas de español, cuando pasan al mercado

laboral, jugarían un papel crítico en los intercambios entre China y

países hispanohablantes. Sus intereses académicos provienen una

perspectiva interesante de observación. El presente trabajo toma

por ejemplo la Facultad de Estudios Hispánicos y Portugueses de la

Universidad de Estudios Extranjeros de Beijing y enlista la progresión

de los temas de tesina en sus programas de maestría. Se nota un obvio

crecimiento de los intereses en temas políticos y sociales, así como

mayor atención prestada a los países latinoamericanos.

Palabras clave: Filología Hispánica, China, programas de maestría,

investigación de tesina, BFSU.

Introducción: Filología Hispánica como carrera universitaria en

China

Hasta el año 2020, en toda China hay en total más de cien

instituciones de educación superior que ofrecen el estudio de español,

o más especícamente la lología española, como carrera universitaria.

La carrera de español introduce el conocimiento del idioma español,

la gramática, y la cultura e historia de los países de habla hispana.

Se forman habilidades para escuchar, hablar, leer, escribir, traducir,

para que los graduados puedan adaptarse a los requisitos de nivel

de español de varias industrias. Cada vez más jóvenes chinos eligen

empezar a aprender español después de la secundaria y cuando lo

aprenden, van desde nivel cero al primer año de la universidad. Así

que, en aproximadamente tres a cuatro años, los estudiantes salen

dominando la lengua y preparados para el mercado laboral.

Los cursos de español se están divididos en dos categorías, los cursos

para el primer y segundo año y los cursos para el tercer y cuarto año.

Para dirigir el diseño de los cursos de las dos categorías, el Programa de

Enseñanza de la Etapa Básica de la Carrera de Español en Universidades

Citar como: Shi, Y. (2022).

Progresión de línea de

investigación apuntada en

programas de maestría en

Filología Hispánica en China.

Journal of Latin American Sciences

and Culture, 4(5), 39-49. hps://

doi.org/10.52428/27888991.

v4i5.231

Recibido: 21 de Abril de 2022

Aceptado: 10 de Junio de 2022

Publicado: 29 de Junio de 2022

Nota del editor: JLASC

se mantiene neutral con

respecto a las reclamaciones

jurisdiccionales en los mapas

publicados y las aliaciones

institucionales.

los autores. Enviado para

publicación de acceso abierto

bajo los términos y condiciones

de la licencia Creative Com-

mons Aribution (CC BY)

(hps://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by/4.0/).

Artículo de Análisis

Progresión de línea de investigación apuntada en

programas de maestría en Filología Hispánica en

China

Yan Shi

JLASC

Journal of Latin American

Sciences and Culture

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

y el Plan de Enseñanza de Etapa Superior en de la Carrera de Español

Universidades fueron promulgados e implementados en 1998 y 2000

respectivamente. A base de estas guías, se propone también “El Plan de

Reforma del Plan de Estudios de Grado de las Carreras Españolas en

las Instituciones de Educación Superior”

, para formar talentos que no

solo están uidos en el idioma sino cuentan con habilidad transcultural

y visión globalizada.

Los graduados de la carrera de español suelen estar en posiciones

ventajosas cuando tienen que encontrar empleos en el mercado laboral

y se dedican a todas las industrias relacionadas con el intercambio entre

China y los países de habla hispana. Con la propuesta de la iniciativa

“La Franja y la Ruta” y el lema de las empresas chinas “Going Out”,

el gobierno y las empresas han mostrado demandas cada vez más

diversicadas de profesionales que pueden trabajar en español. Así

que el diseño de los programas de español se vuelve más orientada al

empleo para servir mejor a las necesidades de la sociedad y al desarrollo

del país.2 Las principales opciones de empleo incluyen por ejemplo, el

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, empresas estatales de industrias

críticas, empresas privadas de comercio o inversión, empresas de

tecnología de internet, agencias de media, instituciones educativas, etc.

El tema de la presente investigación está inspirado por este marco de

recursos humanos, es decir, los universitarios que optan por aprender

español como carrera y se gradúan de tal programa. La pregunta

central es que antes de pasar a trabajar en industrias especícas, ¿en

qué temas están interesados por explorar? Cuando aprenden español,

con qué temas relacionan según sus propios intereses. A pesar de

que las opciones de empleos las deciden las demandas del mercado

laboral, los intereses de investigación durante los años del estudio los

deciden los mismos estudiantes de español. Echar una breve mirada a

los temas de sus investigaciones para las tesinas nos permite expandir

los conocimientos sobre los enfoques académicos y culturales de

estos jóvenes chinos que manejan nivel avanzado del idioma español.

Vamos a tomar la Facultad de Estudios Hispánico y Portugueses de la

Universidad de Estudios Extranjeros de Beijing como la institución más

representativa con carreras de lología española.

La Universidad de Estudios Extranjeros de Beijing

La Universidad de Estudios Extranjeros de Beijing (BFSU, por sus

siglas en inglés) es la primera universidad china dedicada a la enseñanza

de idiomas extranjeros. Hasta hoy la institución cuenta con una historia

de más de ochenta años.3 Ahora en la universidad se imparten un total

de 101 idiomas extranjeros. La BFSU es conocida por su excelencia en

la formación de profesionales especializados en idiomas y lologías

extranjeras. Guiado por su lema “aprender con una mente abierta para

servir a una gran causa”, la BFSU ha servido como una base educativa

relevante para formar profesionales cualicados con competencias

lingüísticas, para servir al país como diplomáticos, traductores o

intérpretes, empresarios, periodistas, abogados, banqueros, entre otros.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

La Facultad de Estudios Hispánicos y Portugueses de la

Universidad de Estudios Extranjeros de Beijing tiene una historia de 70

años. El programa de español como carrera universitaria se inició por

primera vez en 1952 y el programa de portugués en 1961, siendo ambos

los primeros en China. A lo largo de los años, la Facultad de Estudios

Hispánicos y Portugueses ha hecho una contribución signicativa

a los intercambios políticos, económicos y culturales entre China

y los países de habla hispana y portuguesa, en particular, los países

latinoamericanos.

En 1979, la Facultad fue la primera en China en ser autorizada

para ofrecer maestrías en estudios hispánicos y en 1996, se convirtió

en la primera en China en ofrecer títulos de doctorado en estudios del

idioma español. El programa de licenciatura tiene una duración de 4

años y el programa de maestría, 3 años, que se especializa en lingüística,

literatura, traducción o estudios de países hispanos. Los programas de

doctorado tienen una duración de 3-4 años y se especializan en literatura

latinoamericana o interpretación. La Facultad ha rmado convenios de

intercambio con múltiples universidades de países de habla hispana

y portuguesa. Cada año, envía un gran número de estudiantes a estas

universidades para que tengan experiencias de intercambio durante

sus estudios a diferentes niveles.

Hasta el momento, la Facultad ha formado más de 2500

profesionales del idioma español (incluidos más de 2200 licenciados,

más de 150 maestrías y 12 doctores), así como más de 500 profesionales

del idioma portugués. Trabajan como diplomáticos, traductores e

intérpretes, profesores, periodistas y otros después de graduarse.

Como la institución más representativa en el campo de los estudios

hispánicos, la BFSU ha preparado a graduados que han jugado un

papel importante en los intercambios entre China y los países de habla

hispana.

Temas de investigaciones en programas de maestría

Con el acceso al sistema de tesina de la Universidad de Estudios

Extranjeros de Beijing4, hemos podido navegar los contenidos de

todas las tesinas disponibles de la Facultad de Estudios Hispánicos

y Portugueses. Como estamos interesados en las investigaciones

académicas de los estudiantes de español, hemos seleccionado los

programas postgrados, especícamente los programas de maestría,

porque representan mejor el nivel académico. Las tesinas de maestría

son en mayor grado proyectos maduros de investigación, así que

reejan mejor los intereses personales de los estudiantes, que terminan

no solo la licenciatura sino también la maestría en lología hispánica.

Al trabajar en las tesinas, entre los temas elegidos por los

estudiantes de maestría de español, la mayoría cae en la disciplina

lingüística. Ejemplos de estudios lingüísticos son, Distribución de

la preposición a en las construcciones causativas del español: un

análisis estadístico basado en corpus (Zhao Chong, 2021), y Efectos del

feedback correctivo escrito y el aprendizaje autónomo sobre la revisión

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

del pretérito imperfecto en español en los estudiantes del chino como

L1 (Zhang Yue, 2021), etc. La disciplina lingüística está más relacionada

con la carrera de lología hispánica, pero al mismo tiempo, a nivel de

maestría, se permite una variedad de investigación. Como el presente

artículo quería presentar principalmente temas culturales y sociales, no

vamos a incluir los temas estrictamente lingüísticos.

Los temas del resto de las investigaciones se pueden dividir en tres

categorías, temas literarios, temas de traducción e interpretación y la

última, temas de estudios políticos y sociales. Tablas 1 a 3 presentan

respectivamente los temas seleccionados de cada categoría, que se

asumen a un total de 70 títulos de tesina. Como prestamos especial

atención a los enlaces con los países latinoamericanos, no hemos

incluido los temas relacionados con España. Las tesinas disponibles en

la base de datos son de años 2008 a 2021, lo que nos permite observar la

progresión de los temas de investigación en la etapa más reciente.

Tabla 1. Temas literarios.

No. Año Autor(a) Título País

1 2012 Chen Xiang

Una aproximación sociocrítica a la novela No pasó nada de

Antonio Skármeta

Chile

2 2012 Wang Teng Análisis de la transtextualidad en la novela colombiana Angosta Colombia

3 2013 Zhang Ke

Mal de amores: reconstrucción de La historia con perspectiva

femenina

México

4 2013

Zhang

Yanwen

Análisis de los efectos estéticos de la estructura de La Fiesta del

Chivo

Perú

5 2015 Zhou Wei

Novela mexicana contemporánea en busca de Klingsor Jorge

Volpi narrador no dedigno

México

6 2015 Huang Xunyi Mitología utopía resistencia mujer esperanza Nicaragua

7 2015 Li Cuirong Nueva novela histórica Alma Simbolismo Observador Visionario México

8 2015

Zhang

Xiaoqin

El llanto en silencio de un queer en el distópico Salón de belleza

de Mario Bellatin

Perú-

México

9 2015 Yan Bo Roberto Bolaño 2666 posmodernidad violencia horror Chile

10 2015 Lou Yu

Novela policíaca posmoderna Detective literario Lector-detective

Narrativa de la Guerra Sucia en Argentina

Argentina

11 2016 Meng Xiayun

Estudio de la eco-literatura hispanoamericana basado en novelas

ecocríticas de Homero Aridjis y de Luis Sepúlveda

México

Chile

12 2016 Chen Xiao Infancia Memoria Malinche Olvido Perdón difícil México

13 2017 Pan Yulu

No pasó nada práctica compensación de traducción

autovaloración

Chile

14 2019 Yuan Jianan

Informe de traducción de la novela Los cachorros de Mario

Vargas Llosa

Perú

15 2021

Geng

Xiaokun

El mundo infantil de Julio Cortázar: un análisis textual de sus

cuentos

Argentina

Fuente: Elaboración propia.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Estudios literarios son uno de los principales enfoques de los

programas de maestría de lología española. Cabe mencionar que,

como la enseñanza más temprana del castellano en China ha sido

impulsada por una fuerte inuencia española, tanto los principios

lingüísticos, así como los intereses literarios se han concentrado durante

muchos años en el mundo ibérico. En la actualidad, aunque una gran

parte del interés de estudio todavía se dedica a los escritores españoles,

los temas literarios que estudian autores latinoamericanos han sido una

tendencia creciente de los proyectos de investigación de literatura. En

la Facultad, varios tutores han concentrado su interés académico en

literatura latinoamericana, por eso para los estudiantes, sería un área

en la que pueden conseguir guías que necesitan.

De los autores latinoamericanos, se ve que los autores mexicanos

han obtenido la mayor atención, y Chile viene en segundo lugar. De las

obras seleccionadas, las premiadas han sido más estudiadas como La

Fiesta del Chivo de Mario Vargas Llosa y 2666 de Roberto Bolaño. En

la época más reciente, se presta atención a países menos céntricos como

por ejemplo el estudio de la autora nicaragüense. En general, lo que

llama atención en China en estudios literarios es el boom de América

Latina. La fuente de realismo mágico ha dejado mucha inuencia

en China dentro y fuera de la academia. Se observa que los temas

literarios elegidos para las investigaciones se han limitado a ciertos

escritores y sus obras representativas, sin ampliarse al estudio de

fundamentos históricos, culturales y estéticos de la tradición literaria

hispanoamericana, lo cual demuestra las limitaciones y al mismo

tiempo espacios de avances en este terreno.

Al mismo tiempo, es esencial conocer que los países latinoamericanos

son muy diversos y las investigaciones literarias tienen que prestar

más atención a toda la región en vez de limitarse en solo unos países o

unos escritores. Sin embargo, las tesis en la tabla 1 son todas las que se

concentran en la literatura latinoamericana en la Facultad de español

de BFSU, durante la temporada 2009-2021. Por un lado, una mayor

parte de las tesis de maestría en literatura estudia las obras españolas

o historia literaria española, por otro lado, los conocimientos sobre la

literatura latinoamericana por lo general son muy limitados, a pesar de

que se vaya creciendo los intereses tanto académicos como públicos.

Por último, poner los temas literarios delante de los de traducción y

de socio-política es porque para la facultad de estudios hispánicos la

literatura es una concentración tradicional después de la lingüística, las

dos concentraciones son más teóricas mientras las concentraciones de

traducción y socio-política son más prácticas.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Tabla 2. Temas de traducción e interpretación.

No. Año Autor(a) Título Categoría

1 2008 Pan Min

El Principio de cooperación en la traducción de la Fortaleza

Asediada

Literatura

2 2009 Ding Ning

Estudio sobre la naturaleza de la traducción de subtítulos

cinematogrcos

Literatura

3 2012 Liu Yuanyi

Aproximación a la traducción de formas de tratamiento en

Hongloumeng desde la perspectiva pragmática de la te oría de

cortesía

Literatura

4 2012 Jia Jia

El análisis del registro en la traducción de la novela ¡Vivir!

Literatura

5 2013 He Ying

Análisis del tratamiento de los referentes culturales de

Gushixinbian desde la perspectiva funcionalista

Literatura

6 2017 Wang Yi

La solución de la variación lingüística en la traducción literaria

chino-español: análisis basado en La casa de té

Literatura

7 2017 Sun Ce

Análisis de traducción de los elementos religiosos en Viaje al

Oeste a base de la teoría de traducción cultural

Literatura

8 2018 Yin Lingxiao

Estudio de las estrategias de la traducción al chino de la

homonimia y la polisemia en Mafalda

Literatura

9 2018 Guo Nandi

La equivalencia funcional de la traducción del realismo mágico

enfocada desde la orientación lógica

Literatura

10 2018 Zan Xiaoxue

La traducción del humor verbal en El ingenioso hidalgo don

Quijote de la Mancha

Literatura

11 2018 Chen Yuejiao

Traducción del humor con culturemas en el subtítulo de las obras

audiovisuales en español

Literatura

12 2019 Ju Likun

Análisis de la traducción al español del carácter “是” ——

tomando como el ejemplo la novela Cambios de Mo Yan

Literatura

13 2020

Wang

Baiwen

Estudio sobre la traducción de la poesía de la dinastía Tang en

base a la estética de la recepción

Literatura

14 2021 Zhang Shan

Entendimiento y Traducción de los Vocablos Culturales en el

libro Beng Sim Po Cam

Literatura

15 2021 You Xiaoxin

Enfoque en la omisión ejercida en la traducción de chino a

español desde la perspectiva de la teoría de equivale ncia

funcional:Un caso de estudio de Un amor que destruye ciudades

de Eileen Chang

Literatura

16 2009 Xia Nian

Metáforas chinas y españolas con motivos del arte culinario y su

traducción

Cultura

17 2009 Zhu Xiaojin

Una aproximación a la transmisión de la imagen cultural del

chino al español

Cultura

18 2017 Cai Yisu

Estudio de traducción de los nombres de platos chinos al español

desde la perspectiva de la teoría funcionalista y de la traducción

transcultural

Cultura

19 2017

Wang

Changluo

Principios y técnicas de la traducción del español al chino de la

publicidad impresa

Cultura

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

20 2020 Jiang Xuelan

Informe de práctica de simulacro de interpretación simultánea de

E-sports, tomando como ejemplo el tercer parti do de la nal del

campeonato mundial 2018 de LOL

Cultura

21 2021 Liu Yixin

Análisis sobre la interpretación de la guía turística del Jardín del

administrador humilde desde la teoría del escopo

Cultura

22 2012 Liu Danhua

Características textuales del informe sobre la labor del gobierno

de china y su traducción

Sociedad

23 2012 Shan Qiyue

Una mano invisible y una alternativa para la delidad –

Estrategias traslativas adaptadas en la comunicación al exterior

Sociedad

24 2020 Li Mengning

Informe de interpretación simultánea del chino al español del

discurso de Li Keqiang -- utilización del modelo de procesos de

decisión, modelo de mecanismos de anticipación y la teoría de

relevancia

Sociedad

25 2020 Wang Yiyin

Informe sobre la interpretación consecutiva de discursos

pronunciados por Xi Jinping en el ámbito diplomático

(fragmentos): un análisis de la interpretación al español de las

citaciones de textos clásicos en chino

Sociedad

26 2020 Wang Xinyue

Enfoque en la versión española de expresiones típicas de China

desde la teoría del escopo

Sociedad

27 2021 Yang Jing

La atenuación en la interpretación diplomática chino-español—

Análisis de la Conferencia de Prensa ofrecida por el Primer

Ministro chino en 2020

Sociedad

28 2021 Wang Jue

La explicitación en la interpretación Chino-Español—— Análisis

de la interpretación simultánea del discurso en la conferencia

anual del Foro de Boao para Asia

Sociedad

29 2021 Li Xin

Informe sobre la simulación de interpretación simultánea de la

intervención del presidente venezolano Maduro an te la ONU.

Un análisis basado en el marco UMEER

Sociedad

30 2021 Ma Ruichen

Análisis ecológico del discurso de Andrés Manuel López

Obrador desde una perspectiva ecolingüística

Sociedad

Fuente: Elaboración propia.

Traducción e interpretación es actualmente la concentración

que la mayoría elige en programas de maestría de español. Como el

español es para muchos una segunda lengua extranjera, en los estudios

y en futuros empleos es inevitable tener que hacer traducciones e

interpretaciones. Poder manejar la conexión y transformación entre

chino y español son habilidades básicas en la carrera académica. Pero

dentro de los temas de traducción e interpretación hay diferentes

categorías. Primero, se distingue los estudios literarios y los estudios

de traducción de obras literarias. Se nota que en el segundo caso, los

estudiantes suelen elegir por estudiar cómo las obras chinas han sido

traducidas al español, por ejemplo Fortaleza Asediada, La casa de té,

Viaje al oeste, etc. En los estudios de traducción en temas culturales,

se destaca el interés por gastronomía, en particular, cómo traducir

los nombres de platos chinos al español. Interés por interpretaciones

en temas culturales tiene que ver con lo turístico y se aplica a cuando

reciben a visitantes hispanohablantes en China.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

La tercera parte de los temas sobre traducción e interpretación presta

atención a cómo transmitir las informaciones en los términos especícos

en china y cómo hacer entender el lenguaje con características china.

Casos de estudio de este tipo se concentran en el contexto político,

como por ejemplo informe sobre la labor del gobierno, discursos de Xi

Jinping etc. También se estudian contextos políticos extranjeros, como

la ONU y líderes políticos latinoamericanos como AMLO. El desarrollo

de China ha llamado mucha atención en todo el mundo, especialmente

su modo económico y político. Las particularidades son importantes

de entender, pero difíciles de explicar. Se nota una tendencia creciente

en los estudios de traducción para mejor hacer entender estos temas de

particularidad sobre China.

Tabla 3. Temas de estudios políticos y sociales.

No. Año Autor(a) Título País

1 2005

Tan

Linglong

Reexión sobre la crisis política venezolana

Venezuela

2 2009 Yao Hanben

Contiendas electorales entre partidos mexicanos: PRI, PAN

y PRD

México

3 2009 Jia Jing

Breve análisis sobre la Alternativa Bolivariana para las

Américas (ALBA)

ALBA

4 2011 Sheng Xia Lo que trae el Plan Colombia al país

Colombia

5 2011 Ding Bowen

Fundamentos teóricos y prácticos para la profundización

de reformas socialistas en Cuba

Cuba

6 2011

Zhang

Mengmeng

Análisis geopolítico sobre la diplomacia petrolera de

Venezuela

7 2011 Xu Kai CELAC: Sus posibilidades y desafíos futuros

CELAC

8 2012 Xu Sihai

Mujeres en las presidencias latinoamericanas: Análisis de

contexto y motivos del empoderamiento político femeni

no en América Latina a perspectiva de género

Chile

9 2013 Ma Shenjie

Análisis de la estructura de Chile Solidario desde la

perspectiva de los mecanismos de conexión del Programa

de Apoyo a Microemprendimiento

Chile

10 2013 Wang Fei

Análisis de la guerra antidroga del ex presidente mexicano

Felipe Calderón

México

11 2013

Shang

Ruofan

Análisis de la informalidad urbana de México: actualidad

y perspectivas -el caso del comercio informal en la vía p

ública de la Ciudad de México

México

12 2015 Li Yan

Estudio de obstáculos al nanciamiento de las Mipymes en

Costa Rica y las medidas en su contra

Costa

Rica

13 2015 Chu Lidong

Políticas scales para fomentar el desarrollo del sector de

petróleo de Venezuela

Venezuela

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

14 2015 Li Tianying

Análisis del sistema de evaluación docente en la educación

básica mexicana durante el sexenio del presidente C

alderón

México

15 2016 Zhou Jilu

Micronanzas en América Latina: Su Responsabilidad

Social y Sostenibilidad

LAC

16 2016 Liu Chengzu

La cuestión de Estado-nación en el proceso de la

refundación del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia

Bolivia

17 2017 Liu Wei

Balance del Poder y Reformas Tributarias en Chile --

Análisis Político Aplicando la Teoría de Recursos del Poder

Chile

18 2018 Liu Ying

Una investigación sobre la cuestión agraria antes y

después de la Revolución Mexicana de 1910

México

19 2019 Jia Shihui

Desarrollo político en Panamá tras la transición a la

democracia. Enfoque en los referéndums

Panamá

20 2019 Wang Silu

La Imagen de China en el periódico mexicano La Jornada

(2013-2018)

México

21 2019

Dong

Xiaohan

La investigación de la dolarización de las monedas.

Análisis de los casos latinoamericanos

LAC

22 2020 Li Jing Evolución del Populismo en Argentina en el Siglo XX

Argentina

23 2020 Li Yanming

Inquietud y esfuerzos de los mexicanos por la identidad

mexicana

México

24 2020 Yang Jing

Reconciliación y construcción de la paz en la era post-

conicto en Colombia. Enfoque en transformación del

conicto

Colombia

25 2021 Tu Yiwei

Gestión de riesgos sociales y medioambientales de las

inversiones chinas en las infraestructuras mexicanas

México

Fuente: Elaboración propia.

Los estudios políticos y sociales de los países hispanohablantes es

otra concentración en los programas de español, aparte de literatura y

traducción. Entre los países latinoamericanos, se ve que otra vez México

ha sido el más estudiado. La Facultad tiene una relación bien estrecha

con la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), y esta tiene

su centro de estudios chinos basado en la Universidad de Estudios de

Extranjero de Beijing. Las relaciones de colaboraciones institucionales

han facilitado el intercambio de estudios e investigadores, lo que puede

explicar en algún grado el destaque de atención prestado a México.

Los intereses por temas políticos y económicos en la región de

América Latina pueden dividirse en dos tipos, por una parte, los tópicos

más destacados a nivel regional, como la integración de América

Latina y la Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América

(ALBA), y por la otra, los países y sus asuntos de controversia, como

crisis scal de Venezuela y reconciliación en Colombia, etc. Igual que la

tendencia observada en temas literarios, más recientemente, se nota un

cambio de interés hacia países menos grandes, como el caso de Costa

Rica y Panamá. A lo largo de las relaciones crecientes que China viene

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

desarrollando con la región, los enfoques de intereses de investigación

han ido diversicando.

Conclusiones: Progresión de intereses de investigación

Los estudiantes que eligen por aprender español como carrera

universitaria terminarían con un nivel avanzado del idioma y con

conocimientos variados sobre los países hispanohablantes, lo cual

los prepara bien para que se dediquen en su carrera profesional a los

intercambios entre China y estos países. Los programas de licenciatura

y de maestría en Filología Hispánica caen, en primer lugar, en la

disciplina lingüística así que la enseñanza del mismo idioma forma la

base de tales programas. Los enfoques lingüísticos y literarios siempre

han sido temas tradicionales. Sin embargo, a lo largo del desarrollo

de programas de español, han surgido nuevos cambios. Por un lado,

el mercado laboral viene planteando más demandas a los graduados

de carrera de español, y por el otro, y la tendencia interdisciplinaria

de la academia ha animado más espacios de colaboración entre las

humanidades y las ciencias sociales. De esta manera, los enfoques de

estudios incorporan cada vez más los temas políticos y económicos.

Para el terreno de estudios regionales, o sea, estudios de áreas,

la motivación para desarrollar los conocimientos sobre algún país o

alguna región, se encuentra en la necesidad de la seguridad nacional

en su fondo. Es inevitable que los estudios latinoamericanos sirvan las

relaciones entre China y América Latina. Al mismo tiempo, los avances

de las relaciones bilaterales con los países hispanohablantes motivan en

gran medida el desarrollo de carreras de español en las universidades.

Existe un fortalecimiento mutuo entre los cambios de la realidad y la

renovación académica.

El presente trabajo tiene como eje de atención los enfoques

académicos y culturales de los jóvenes chinos que optan por aprender

español durante una carrera universitaria. Debido a las limitaciones

de base de recursos, falta para subrayar la relación precisa entre los

intereses académicos y las demandas del mercado laboral. Futuras

agendas de investigación han de revelar, tanto a nivel individual

como en manera categórica, la inclusión de temas socia-políticos en los

intereses de los estudiantes y cómo esta integridad dirige sus opciones

profesionales.

Los programas de Filología Hispánica reejan bien esta relación.

Y el presente trabajo toman como ejemplo los temas de tesinas en

los programas de maestría, de la Facultad de Estudios Hispánicos y

Portugueses de la Universidad de Estudios Extranjeros de Beijing, para

observar la progresión de intereses de investigación. Se nota un obvio

crecimiento en la atención prestada a América Latina, especialmente

en los estudios políticos y sociales. Los programas de español se

vuelven más que el idioma, sino que asume una formación integral de

recursos humanos que pueden jugar un papel céntrico en sostener los

interacciones entre China y la región de América Latina. Los intereses

de investigación de los estudiantes de maestría siguen estrechamente

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

los cambios de la realidad y desde la academia hacia la práctica, estos

jóvenes intelectuales van a asumir protagonistas en decidir el futuro

de las relaciones entre las dos partes, a pesar de su obvia distancia

geográca.

Financiamiento: Esta investigación no recibió nanciamiento externo.

Conictos de intereses: El autor declara que no hay conicto de intereses.

Base de Datos

Beijing Foreign Studies University Degree Thesis Management System. hps://webvpn.bfsu.edu.

cn/2e237b556c1c88b8915a2d7b3199baf4fa885db9fed2dc/

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Opinion paper

Exploration on the integration of innovation and

entrepreneurship education into the talent train-

ing system of colleges and universities under the

background of double-rst construction

Zhu Wei

Xidian University, China.

* Correspondence: wzhu@xidian.edu.cn

Abstract: Science and technology and innovation are the main drivers

of social development at this stage. Modern national governance and

education system should further improve the strength of innovation

and entrepreneurship education. However, at present, some colleges

and universities focus on professional subject education, and have in-

sucient knowledge and aention to innovation and entrepreneurship

education. Even if they oer entrepreneurship-related courses, there

are still problems such as ambiguous teaching content, weak entrepre-

neurship teaching atmosphere, and utilitarian teaching objectives. To

this end, this paper focuses on the national double-rst construction

strategic tasks, innovative talent training system research, and colleges

and universities’ innovative talent training plan.

Keywords: double-rst background; entrepreneurship education;

talent training.

1. Introduction

Double-rst construction is an important strategic decision for the

development of education in China at present. It has repositioned and

shaped the direction and basic paern of higher education and im-

proved the awareness of innovation and entrepreneurship education

and innovative talent training in colleges and universities. Innovation

is the process of turning a new concept into commercial success or

widespread use. Creativity is an active process necessarily involved in

innovation. It is a learning habit that requires skill as well as especif-

ic understanding of the contexts in which creativity is being applied.

Plan professional courses, teaching methods, coordinate domestic re-

sources, and social resources, and take advantage of national cultural

exchange opportunities to jointly promote the construction plan. In-

novation and entrepreneurship education needs to rely on the imple-

mentation of the talent training function of colleges and universities

(Cabero, 2019; Guachi, 2019). Therefore, it is necessary to establish cor-

responding training strategies from a practical perspective, focusing

on the current situation of talent training in colleges and universities.

Citation: Zhu, W. (2022).

Exploration on the integration

of innovation and entrepre-

neurship education into the

talent training system of

colleges and universities under

the background of double-

rst con-struction . Journal of

Latin American Sciences and

Culture, 4(5), 50-57. hps://doi.

org/10.52428/27888991.v4i5.273

Received: February 11, 2022

Accepted: March 5, 2022

Published: June 29, 2022

Publisher’s Note: JLASC stays

neutral with regard to jurisdic-

tional claims in published maps

and institutional aliations.

authors. Submied for open

access publication under the

terms and conditions of the

Creative Commons Aribution

(CC BY) license (hps://

creativecommons.org/licenses/

by/4.0/).

JLASC

Journal of Latin American

Sciences and Culture

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

2. The development of innovation and entrepreneurship educa-

tion in colleges and universities

2.1. Establish an innovation and entrepreneurship education system

It is necessary to take innovation and entrepreneurship as the

strategic goal of navigation, and with this as the focus of work, colleges

and universities should build an innovation and entrepreneurship ed-

ucation college with the awareness of integrating thinking and overall

planning, combining on-campus resources, social resources, scientic

research strength, and talent advantages. As the overall lead unit, the

School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship coordinates the Student

Oce, the Academic Aairs Oce, and other departments to work

together to pool their wisdom and jointly promote the implementation

of innovation and entrepreneurship.

Improve various facilities and promote internal and external co-

operation. The educational resources of colleges and universities are

limited. In order to ensure that the reform of innovation and entrepre-

neurship education is implemented in colleges and universities, col-

leges and universities should coordinate the educational resources of

all parties inside and outside the university, strengthen the construc-

tion of various infrastructures such as software and hardware, so that

students can use rich resources to carry out entrepreneurial practice

activities. At the same time, in the process of promotion, it is necessary

to use the information-based communication platform and the infor-

mation-based management platform to promote various functional

departments to strengthen contact and promote collaborative prog-

ress (Zhou, 2021). Educational funds should be invested from dier-

ent channels to provide nancial support for innovation and entrepre-

neurship education, special services, and construction of venues and

hardware facilities to mark sure the education work is implemented

faster.

2.2. Building a Hybrid Guidance System

Establish genes and concepts, and innovate talent training mod-

els. Colleges and universities should aim to build morality and cul-

tivate people, implement innovation and entrepreneurship education

into the whole process of talent training, and integrate innovation

and entrepreneurship concepts and methods with professional course

teaching. In the theoretical teaching of professional courses, strength-

en the practice of innovation and entrepreneurship, form teaching

characteristics, synergize social resources, establish a training plan

for innovative and entrepreneurial talents, and use multiple practical

measures to stimulate the innovative spirit and entrepreneurial ability

of college students (Yang & Wang, 2020).

Taking informatization as the form of education, establish an on-

line and oine hybrid teaching mode, for all students, provide em-

ployment and entrepreneurship guidance for students in the form of

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

compulsory courses and elective courses, and combine profession-

al characteristics to establish general education + subject foundation

majors. The innovation and entrepreneurship education curriculum

system of “education + independent curriculum. Colleges and univer-

sities should transform from traditional lecture-based teaching to net-

work-based teaching, relying on online course teaching forms such as

MOOCs and Tencent Classrooms to provide support for the creation

of innovation and entrepreneurship education courses. Today’s col-

lege students are a generation that grew up in the development of the

Internet, so they are more receptive to the online teaching model, and

through online teaching, they can widely mobilize and strengthen the

practice of students’ innovation and entrepreneurship courses and the

progress of teaching tasks monitor.

2.3. Build an innovation and entrepreneurship platform

It is college teachers who should encourage college students to

actively participate in innovation and entrepreneurship practice teach-

ing activities, so that students have the courage to break the routine,

learn innovation and entrepreneurship theory, pool creativity, and

strengthen their practical ability with the help of innovation and en-

trepreneurship practice platform. Before that, colleges and universities

need to practice entrepreneurship for students, build entrepreneurial

incubation parks, integrate internal and external resources, and pro-

vide one-stop guidance and services for college students to start their

own businesses (Xie, Chen, & Li, 2020).

The close combination of theory and practice helps students make

innovations and breakthroughs. Colleges and universities need to up-

date and optimize in real-time according to the practical teaching sit-

uation of students’ innovation and entrepreneurship education and

form an innovative experimental training system for college students

around the four levels of colleges and universities, branches, provinc-

es, cities, and countries. At the same time, colleges and universities

should build an innovation and entrepreneurship practice education

system, combine existing resources of teaching schools with social re-

sources, strengthen school-enterprise cooperation, jointly build and

share resources, build a school-enterprise cooperative teaching plat-

form, and integrate technology, practical positions, specic projects

with professional courses and innovation and entrepreneurship edu-

cation to deepen talent training under the joint action of schools and

enterprises (Wen, 2019).

Advocate innovative practice and create a second classroom. Col-

leges and universities should actively play the role of the second class-

room in innovation, entrepreneurship education, and combine the

specic work content of innovation and entrepreneurship education

as a compulsory course for students to achieve full coverage of stu-

dent education, and regularly introduce innovation and entrepreneur-

ship education into the second classroom. Create a resource library of

high-quality teaching project cases.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

3. Double-rst, strategic positioning in construction

3.1. Double-rst, the fundamental foothold of the university

To build a double-rst, the overall goal of the university is to cul-

tivate talents, scientic research, social services, cultural inheritance,

and innovation. Higher education institutions have become an import-

ant force for knowledge dissemination and scientic and technologi-

cal innovation, an important carrier of advanced ideas and excellent

cultural inheritance. In order to implement this overall goal, although

the four development tasks of talent training, scientic research, social

service, and cultural inheritance and innovation have been specied,

it needs to be clear that in innovation and entrepreneurship education,

the cultivation of innovative talents is the foundation of all develop-

ment and education. Colleges and universities need to rely heavily on

the cultivation of innovative talents so that the four development tasks

form a state of mutual coupling. In the process of cultivating innovative

talents, colleges and universities need to combine teaching, scientic

research, labor, etc. to build a positive and innovative, knowledge-re-

specting academic environment for students, so that innovative talent

training education, and scientic research, social services and cultural

heritage are connected. At the same time, it can also provide students

with scientic research units or industrial units with direct experience

and ability, and integrate the educational resources of colleges and

universities, scientic research resources of scientic research units,

production resources of enterprises, and cultural resources, which not

only meets the task requirements of practical education in colleges and

universities but also meets the talent needs of economic and social de-

velopment, and at the same time, consciously inherit traditional cul-

ture in talent training, and carry out innovation and development of

traditional culture.

3.2. Collaborative multi-task integration promotion

The deepening of a single task and the coordination of multiple

tasks are the basic logic of building a double-rst university. The fun-

damental task of implementing the task of building a rst-class insti-

tution of higher learning is the cultivation of innovative talents. Specif-

ically, it is analyzed at two levels.

Highlight the core of talent training, clarify the requirements

for the ability and quality of innovative talent training, and cultivate

students’ sense of mission and social responsibility, so that students

have the innovative spirit and practical ability required by modern

society, and become compound and applied professionals. Schools

can encourage and support students to participate in innovative and

entrepreneurial practice activities, stimulate students’ wisdom and

personality, and enable students to improve their comprehensive per-

sonal quality in social practice, broaden their international vision, and

develop scientic spirit and entrepreneurial awareness.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Colleges and universities should combine the innovative talent

training plan with other ideological tasks to form a relationship of mu-

tual connection and simultaneous development. First, teachers should

play a guiding role, and colleges and universities should strengthen

the construction of teachers’ morality and style, build a professional

team of teachers with ideals, morality, self-cultivation, and benevo-

lence, or hire a variety of companies to share their workplace expe-

rience, especially alumni enterprises, more authenticity and anity.

Strengthen the development of scientic research disciplines and the

improvement of professional capabilities, focus on building a number

of domestic leading disciplines and research elds that are comparable

to international scientic research levels, and create an innovative and

entrepreneurial practice environment, so that students can take the ini-

tiative to explore in a relaxed academic atmosphere.

4. The integration of innovation and entrepreneurship educa-

tion and talent training

4.1. From the perspective of entrepreneurial practice, focus on the culti-

vation of workability

Workability is an important part of talent training in the new era,

and it is also the foundation for students to stand in society and achieve

self-development after graduation. However, at this stage, the basic

workability of students is not connected with the majors they study

in universities, which means that the majors that many studies are not

related to the jobs they engage in after graduation. Therefore, when

establishing a training plan around workability, two aspects should be

considered. The rst is the job counterpart, which has relatively high

requirements and measurement standards for students’ workability

and is also relatively professional. It is necessary to master the profes-

sional knowledge and professional skills required in the correspond-

ing position. For construction engineering surveying positions, it is

necessary to clarify the measurement technology, lay-out operation,

etc., as well as to pay aention to new technologies and new theories in

the industry, and to comprehensively consider the dierent character-

istics of dierent building structures and quality requirements.

For design positions, you must know how to draw, use electronic

drawing tools, and master some mechanics knowledge. These jobs are

very professional, but being able to do these jobs requires the support

of basic abilities. If you lack systematic knowledge and basic abilities,

you will be unable to do the job just by virtue of your interest. For

non-corresponding work, such as clerical, administrative, personnel,

and other types of work, there is no high technical content. Although

these jobs do not have technical requirements, they also require basic

work skills. For example, master oce software, copywriting, inter-

personal communication, and other skills. Therefore, to cultivate inno-

vative talents, the cultivation of their working ability is very import-

ant, so that students can comprehensively analyze and solve practical

problems based on the knowledge they have learned and accumulated

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

practical experience. When encountering complex problems, it can

also exibly reorganize knowledge according to the existing knowl-

edge system and nd new solutions. Therefore, colleges and univer-

sities should build a practical education platform for innovation and

entrepreneurship, strengthen the integration of production and educa-

tion, establish a school-enterprise coordination compound profession-

al talent training mechanism, and focus on the basic working abilities

that innovative talents need to master to stimulate their potential.

4.2. From the perspective of thinking, focus on thinking training

Most people do not think that this is an important ability in the

understanding of ideological values. In real work, it is dicult to dis-

tinguish between strengths and weaknesses due to dierences in indi-

vidual concepts. For example: in the same class, some students study

well in school, but after graduation, their work is not satisfactory and

their life is relatively mediocre, while some students have mediocre

grades in school, but their careers are ourishing. The fundamental

reason for these dierences lies in the ability of individuals, as well as

the inuence of family factors and growth background. At the same

time, the key factor that plays a major role is the dierence in individu-

al ideological values. For example, many students in colleges and uni-

versities are in a state of confusion when facing career planning and

life choices. They do not know what they will do in the future. How

to make career planning to maximize their own interests and values?

Students do not have a clear understanding of these.

They often face life and deal with work problems with a “let by”

mentality, without considering their long-term career development

and life. However, if students have scientic, objective, and correct

ideological values, and can take their career and life seriously with

scientic cognition, it will be easier to see the essence of the problem

when facing setbacks in life, and to strengthen the direction of their

choice. Therefore, colleges and universities should strengthen the cul-

tivation of students’ thinking ability, so that students can establish

scientic and objective values and outlook on life. For example, in re-

sponse to this problem, Zhejiang University has proposed strength-

ening the characteristics of the integration of science and education,

emphasizing that scientic research educates people, encouraging stu-

dents to actively participate in scientic research, and training logical

thinking in the process of discovering new phenomena, revealing new

mechanisms, and establishing new theories. At the same time, it ad-

vocates breaking disciplinary barriers, forming a project orientation,

promoting the construction of a multi-disciplinary talent training cen-

ter of excellence, cultivating innovative talents in the interdisciplinary

and knowledge integration, and improving students’ thinking ability

and innovation ability.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

4.3. Promote the international development of education

The current era is an organically connected whole, which endows

the cultivation of innovative talents with national characteristics. Un-

der the dual strategy of going out and inviting in, colleges and uni-

versities should focus on the national education strategy to improve

the ability of innovative talents to participate in international aairs.

For example: Encourage and guide students to actively participate in

international academic exchanges, strengthen cultural communication

and interpersonal communication skills in cross-cultural exchanges,

be able to stand at the forefront of the development of the times, pay

aention to and gain insight into the trend of scientic development,

broaden the international vision, and understand the common inter-

ests of all mankind important development issues of concern. After

the double-rst construction is implemented, colleges and univer-

sities should increase the number of library books, provide students

with a variety of academic resources, improve various hardware and

software infrastructure, and provide students with opportunities for

diverse practice, so that students can use these resources to develop

comprehensive capabilities.

Eorts are made to add exchange programs with world-class

universities and strive to provide each student with an opportunity

for overseas exchange and learning, as well as the active expansion

of high-level international talent training programs proposed by Ts-

inghua University, all focus on cultivating innovative talents who are

competent in international aairs.

5. Conclusion

Based on the above analysis, innovation and entrepreneurship

education are directly related to the cultivation of innovative talents.

In double-rst university construction, the quality of talent cultivation

also determines the competitiveness and advantages of talents in so-

cial development. Colleges and universities should stand in the cen-

ter of economic and social development. The required compound and

applied talent training and international development perspective,

combined with national education policies, organize students to par-

ticipate in innovation and entrepreneurship social practice activities,

academic exchanges, etc., provide students with rich educational re-

sources and innovation and entrepreneurship practice opportunities

so that students can use resources and practical activities to improve

their comprehensive ability and align themselves with the talent stan-

dards required by society.

Funding: This research received no external funding.

Conicts of Interest: The author declares no conict of interest.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

References

Cabero Z., M. A. (2019). The pillars of excellence in education in the

new era. Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 1(1), 6-9.

hps://doi.org/10.52428/27888991.v1i1.37

Guachi, R. (2019). Connection between industry and academy. Journal

of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 1(1), 13-14. hps://doi.

org/10.52428/27888991.v1i1.39

Wen, Y. (2019). Double-rst, Value Pursuit and Implementation

Strategies of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education in

Colleges and Universities. Theoretical Research and Practice of

Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 1(7), 1-3. hps://t.cnki.net/kcms/

detail?v=z7EBh5rfV03OuUePg3xlaFsJrnhyYG1__l1nZWrVADn

4yhFJluAACskXWloUYqsk1WteYgJJuBbgHgnzQ5Pyxqqfo2r34-

2ZlzTIOR1xPEU17T16mc47Kf7ENXrRpe9&uniplatform=NZKP

T&language=CHS

Xie, H., Chen, Z., & Li, Q. (2020). Non-double-rst, the

predicament and countermeasures of the cultivation

of innovative and entrepreneurial talents in colleges

and universities. Xueyuan, 13(19), 87-88. hps://t.cnki.

net/kcms/detail?v=z7EBh5rfV02Rz98nWrrSxhylWo_

ecrpBpNwtUkG509BwGjTGq9K9aXreMT_mU73Im3rF9-MGov

wkuLLJok0RWtahB2JWjOVtR6yrySGkFVvOqjZeVShYqsi7bReD

tpCt&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS

Yang, L., & Wang, L. (2020). Double-rst, the construction of innovation

and entrepreneurship education system in private colleges and

universities under the background. Journal of Chifeng University

(Chinese Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 41(7), 89-92.

hps://t.cnki.net/kcms/l?v=z7EBh5rfV02udqhUmhfBVj1cXHM

cXn_9LIizrbBWyHFiAHohMnNS1UuSUQC5aa7rapWwpsTsUl

UP_hIWy99FeI-H1pYReuDlTsm5Sb0A9ebuIlDo9nfVgGwmllM

8dM9&uniplatform=NZKPT

Zhou, Y. (2021). Double-rst, reections on the sustainable

development model of innovation and entrepreneurship

education in colleges and universities under the background of

construction. Theoretical Research and Practice of Innovation and

Entrepreneurship, 4(7), 93-95. hps://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/

detail.aspx?FileName=CXYL202107043&DbName=CJFQ2021

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Opinion paper

How universities can build an open platform for in-

novation and entrepreneurship for college students?

Ignite the enthusiasm for creation, cultivate the team,

and support key projects

Wenkai Zhu

Xidian University, China.

* Correspondence: wkzhu@xidian.edu.cn

Abstract: Directly under the Ministry of Education, Xidian University

(XDU) is a national key university featuring electronic and information

science. XDU integrates innovation and entrepreneurship education

into the whole process of college students’ training combining the

characteristics of electronic and information science. Through the

three aspects of “Ignite the enthusiasm for creation, cultivate the team,

and support key projects”. XDU has cultivated the innovative spirit of

college students and improved their entrepreneurial ability and has

achieved outstanding results. This study aims to explore the scientic

and ecient working system in the innovation and entrepreneurship

education (IEE) of XDU. The case in this study is the project research

ndings of the Ministry of Education’s 2021 ideological and political

work in colleges and universities for the construction of young and

middle-aged core teams.

Keywords: Xidian University; Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Education; Higher education.

1. Introduction

Based in western China, XDU is a national key university

featuring electronic and information science. XDU cultivates colleges

students around the goal of “patriotic enterprising, innovative

thinking, a leader with an international perspective”. Through the

three aspects of “ Ignite the enthusiasm for creation, cultivate the team,

and support key projects”, XDU has cultivated the innovative spirit

of college students. By optimizing the educational environment for

innovation and entrepreneurship, XDU cultivates the innovative spirit

of college students, helps them establish entrepreneurial awareness

and improves their entrepreneurial ability (Ministry of education of

the people’s republic of China, 2021).

2. Ignite the Enthusiasm for Creation: Create a Platform for Science

and Technology Competitions that College Students Participate in

Widely, and Establish a Curriculum System that Covers all Students

Since 1988, XDU has held the “Spark Cup” extracurricular academic

and scientic and technological works competition for college students

for 34 consecutive years, with more than 10,000 college students

JLASC

Journal of Latin American

Sciences and Culture

Citation: Zhu, W. (2022).

Exploration on the integration

of innovation and entrepre-

neurship education into the

talent training system of

colleges and universities under

the background of double-

rst con-struction . Journal of

Latin American Sciences and

Culture, 4(5), 58-61. hps://doi.

org/10.52428/27888991.v4i5.272

Received: February 11, 2022

Accepted: March 5, 2022

Published: June 29, 2022

Publisher’s Note: JLASC stays

neutral with regard to jurisdic-

tional claims in published maps

and institutional aliations.

authors. Submied for open

access publication under the

terms and conditions of the

Creative Commons Aribution

(CC BY) license (hps://

creativecommons.org/licenses/

by/4.0/).

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

participating and submiing more than 3,000 works every year. XDU

forms a good atmosphere for college students to take the initiative to

practice and participate in innovation (Zhu, 2018). A large number of

willing and talented students emerged. XDU unies this competition

with the innovation and entrepreneurship training program for college

students, the national “Challenge Cup”, and the national electronic

design competition to form a hierarchical, progressive, and widely-

participated technology competition platform. XDU also designed the

“second transcript” system for college students, aiming to develop

their abilities.

XDU has opened nearly 100 courses related to innovation and

entrepreneurship. It has hired more than 110 outstanding entrepreneurs

as innovation and entrepreneurship mentors. About 66 joint laboratories

have been founded with multinational education corporations,

including Microsoft, IBM, Intel, SAP, etc. XDU has compiled 27

series of textbooks including “Entrepreneurship Management”, and

“Xidian Alumni Entrepreneurship Cases”, which are represented by

the well-known alumni Chuanzhi Liu. XDU integrates innovation and

entrepreneurship education into the whole process of talent training,

covering all college students (Zhao & Zhang, 2021).

3. Cultivate the Team: Organize Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Training Camps for College Students, and Set up School-enterprise

Cooperation Clubs

XDU actively explores a new mechanism for industry-university-

research collaborative innovation and education. In accordance with

the principle of combining “in-class and out-of-class, in-school and

out-of-school, innovation and entrepreneurship”, XDU organized a

college student innovation and entrepreneurship training camp. One

hundred students are selected for each training camp, and 8-credit

courses are oered under the basic requirement of “cultivating science,

emphasizing engineering, studying humanities, and integrating art”.

Under the guidance of innovation and entrepreneurship mentors, the

training camp carried out innovation and entrepreneurship practice

in the form of projects, which eectively promoted the improvement

of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship ability (Wang &

Zhang, 2020).

XDU, together with well-known enterprises and research institutes

in the industry including Microsoft, Tencent, Huawei, and CETC Group

Corporation, has established 56 campus enterprise innovation and

entrepreneurship clubs. XDU has established nearly 200 innovative

and entrepreneurial teams, aracting more than 2,000 students to join.

Under the guidance of innovation and entrepreneurship mentors,

team members carry out the entrepreneurial practice by participating

in enterprise product development, project management, etc. This

not only helps companies improve their products but also eectively

enhances the engineering practice capabilities of college students’

innovation and entrepreneurship teams.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

4. Support Key Projects: Set up the “Principal Fund” and “Creative

Space” for Innovation and Entrepreneurship to Support College

Students’ Entrepreneurial Projects with Market Prospects

Since 2014, XDU has focused on strengthening the support of

college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship and set up an

“Innovation and Entrepreneurship President Fund” of 10 million yuan

to especially fund entrepreneurial projects with a certain maturity and

feasibility. This method helps the team go through the initial stage

smoothly and supports its healthy and rapid growth.

At the same time, 37 national or ministerial-level laboratories

and R&D centers have been opened to all college students. XDU has

formulated and implemented a exible study system for students

who start their businesses. XDU integrates resources within the school

by focusing on building a 3,000-square-meter “ Creative space” with

electronic information features. This space has become a gathering

place for college students to help them generate ideas, manufacture

products, and aract investment (Liu, Zhao & Zhu, 2020).

In the past three years, XDU has won 445 international

awards, 543 national awards, and 4,280 provincial innovation and

entrepreneurship competition awards in various innovation and

entrepreneurship competitions. The school has more than 100 student

entrepreneurial teams, and student entrepreneurial companies have

received a total of 300 million yuan in corporate and venture capital. It

is worth mentioning that college students not only actively participate

in the process of scientic and technological innovation, but also pay

aention to the integration of technology and culture. The research

and development of “Huaxia Photo-Robot Shadow Play” which

participated in the “China Entrepreneurship Model” program was

reported by CCTV “News Network”.

5. Prospect

In the future, XDU will continue to integrate the innovation and

entrepreneurship education of college students during the whole

process of talent training, encourage college students to innovate and

start businesses to make sure more college students become doers and

entrepreneurs who take social responsibilities and actively participate

in the trend of the times (Cabero, 2019; Guachi, 2019).

Funding: This research received no external funding.

Conicts of Interest: The author declares no conict of interest.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

References

Cabero Z., M. A. (2019). The Pillars of Excellence in Education in the

New Era. Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 1(1),

6-9. hps://doi.org/10.52428/27888991.v1i1.37.

Guachi, R. (2019). Connection between industry and academy. Journal

of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 1(1), 13-14. hps://doi.

org/10.52428/27888991.v1i1.39.

Liu, Yi, Zhao, Y.,& Zhu, W. (2020). Research on the 5th China

college students “Internet+” innovation and entrepreneurship

competition: Data analysis and policy Implication. The

Theory and Practice of Innovation and Entrepreneurship,

3(15), 166-172. hps://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.

aspx?FileName=CXYL202015078&DbName=CJFQ2020.

Ministry of education of the people’s republic of China. Xidian

University has built a high-quality dual-creation education

system to enhance the ability of college students to create

double-creation. hp://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xw/s6192/s133/

s218/202112/t20211223_589658.html.

Wang, J., & Zhang, X-F. (2020). Research on the Construction of

Entrepreneurship Education System for Electronic Information

Majors Based on the initiative. China University Students Career

Guide, 4(42), 46-52. hps://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.

aspx?FileName=JIUY202004017&DbName=CJFQ2020.

Zhao, Y., & Zhang, G. (2021). Misunderstandings and countermeasures

of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges

and universities. The Theory and Practice of Innovation and

Entrepreneurship, 4(3), 81-83. hps://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/

detail.aspx?FileName=CXYL202103036&DbName=CJFQ2021.

Zhu, W. (2018). Research on innovation and entrepreneurship education

in the context of Big Data. Proceedings of the 3rd International

Social Sciences and Education Conference (ISSEC 2018).

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Correspondence: beimarlopezsubia@gmail.com

1.- ¿Qué te inspiró a desarrollar esta investigación?

Yo, Beimar Wilfredo López Subia, siempre he avalado que en la

matemática, todo es posible, y si no existe matemática puede crearse.

Me he dedicado a investigar la matemática desde siempre, he dictado

cursos para enseñar que la matemática no es difícil; hasta que un día,

un estudiante me preguntó si existía una fórmula para encontrar la

sucesión de números primos; y en ese momento no tenía la respuesta.

Sin embargo, al investigar a profundidad me he dado cuenta que la

matemática estaba incompleta; faltaba una fórmula que encuentre

números primos de manera sencilla. En ese momento inició la

investigación, he dejado de lado el estudio por 3 años, y me he dedicado

únicamente a encontrar la fórmula. He estudiado por mi cuenta mucho

más de lo que había pensado; y llegué a considerar que estaba listo

para iniciar con esta grandiosa investigación, que en el fondo parecía

imposible.

2.- ¿De qué se trata la fórmula?

Esta fórmula es capaz de encontrar la cantidad de números primos

menores a un número dado de manera exacta, sin usar factoriales y

usando matemática sencilla; la fórmula creada puede vericar si un

número es primo o compuesto, siendo capaz de encontrar la sucesión

de números primos sin saltarse ningún número primo. Con esta

fórmula se puede factorizar un número grande de manera sencilla,

cosa que antes podría ser imposible, pero ahora es posible encontrar un

factor de manera más rápida. Este avance ayuda a la matemática, en la

distribución de números primos que se encuentran en toda materia, y

seguridad criptográca.

3.- ¿Por qué este problema no pudo resolverse anteriormente?

Esta fórmula yo la he creado, sin basarme en avances de ningún

matemático. Esa es la razón por la cual la fórmula no se ha creado antes,

ya que anteriores matemáticos se basaron en matemática existente y

ya conocida; en cambio yo he pensado que existía matemática. Por ese

motivo, también me apoyan matemáticos con esta teoría, de que todo

el mundo quería ver la matemática desde otro punto de vista, usando

la ya existente.

4.- ¿Quién fue tu supervisor, con quién trabajaste en este proyecto?

Yo la he creado, sin ayuda de nadie; porque yo me he salido de la

universidad por 3 años con el propósito de crear la fórmula; además si

hubiera pedido ayuda, tampoco me hubieran entendido. La fórmula es

simple, pero para llegar a esta hubo un camino largo por recorrer, ya

que fue esfuerzo y perseverancia.

Citar como: López Subia, B..

(2022) . Entrevista a Beimar

López Subia: Un jóven

matemático Boliviano. Journal

of Latin American Sciences and

Culture, 4(5), 62-64. hps://doi.

org/10.52428/27888991.v4i5.274

Recibido: Marzo 11, 2021

Aceptado: Mayo 21, 2021

Publicado: Junio 29, 2022

Nota del editor: JLASC

se mantiene neutral con

respecto a las reclamaciones

jurisdiccionales en los mapas

publicados y las aliaciones

institucionales.

los autores. Enviado para

publicación de acceso abierto

bajo los términos y condi-

ciones de la licencia Creative

Com-mons Aribution (CC BY)

(hps://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by/4.0/).

Entrevista

Entrevista a Beimar López Subia: Un jóven matemáti-

co Boliviano

Beimar López Subia

JLASC

Journal of Latin American

Sciences and Culture

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

5.- ¿Cuál es el mensaje para todos los lectores del Journal of Latin

American Sciences and Culture?

Esta fórmula que he creado, es muy importante porque ha sido buscada

desde siempre; sin embargo, Riemann quería encontrar esta fórmula

con su hipótesis (signica que también lo busco), pero yo he creado esta

fórmula sin usar ningún concepto anterior, signica que es totalmente

nueva. Realmente esta fórmula tiene innitas aplicaciones, y aunque

haga muchas cosas, quizás factorizar es más importante; ya que se

usa en la criptografía, siendo un lenguaje de seguridad informática de

internet.

6.- ¿Quién es su matemático favorito?

No tengo mucha ación por algún matemático, pero tengo mayor

motivación por Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss; ya que ha estudiado

los números primos y la logrado grandes descubrimientos, además

provenía de una familia campesina.

7.- ¿Crees que es importante que las futuras generaciones se

dediquen al estudio de las matemáticas? Si, es importante que las

futuras generaciones se dediquen a la matemática ya que un poco está

frenada; y al estar frenada es una traba que no deja dar un salto más

grande todavía en la tecnología, la seguridad y en cualquier forma de

supervivencia.

8.- ¿Cuáles son los planes después de que te gradúes?

Quiero seguir creando matemática, quiero apoyar a la juventud a

creer en uno mismo y así pueda lograr investigar para hacer creer

al mundo en la matemática; pues es muy importante que exista más

investigación para usar formas de cambiar al mundo entero. Y también,

claro trabajaré como ingeniero civil ayudando a vericar en el diseño

de nuevos inventos tecnológicos.

9.- ¿Por qué crees que futuras generaciones debieran involucrarse con

la ciencia y tecnología?

Quiero que sea un mundo diferente, que mejore el Internet y las

tecnologías de comunicación con el propósito de estar cada vez más

unidos en el mundo, realizar viajes al espacio y mientras más seamos

los interesados en investigar, indiferente del área, podremos hacer

crecer el mundo y quizás crear un nuevo planeta; con la tecnología que

ya se conoce, pero puede mejorar gracias a investigaciones.

10.- ¿A quién dedicas este logro?

Dedico a todos los matemáticos del mundo, que perdieron la esperanza

de conocer una nueva matemática, y a la juventud que empiece a creer

en sí mismo, porque si una persona cree en lo que hace; realmente

lo logrará tarde o temprano. Es hora de empezar de nuevo, creando

matemática y viendo la forma de ayudar hasta al que no es matemático,

de crear una fórmula que en el futuro puede ser usada.

11.- Tu mensaje nal para los lectores del Journal

Aquí les muestro la fórmula que he encontrado, usa matemática sencilla,

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

pero es muy exacta en todo sentido, les recomiendo darle una revisada;

pesé a que ya tengo una demostración formal, pero si usted ingresa al

Excel el código mostrado, u otro programa puede ver la veracidad de

la fórmula y garantizar que siempre será exacta. Prácticamente toda

América latina ha vericado y lo han demostrado de manera analítica,

y eso garantiza que no tendrá ningún error en toda su vida.

References

hps://drive.google.com/le/d/1RmS0vLNoZXAx4-oLkvnh_rxDNUU-

yC7y/view

hp://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2225-

87872020000200006&lng=es

hps://drive.google.com/le/d/1P8z88KQ4npU05Aq1Bu_zbRl2IKx53_

ap/view

Beimar Lopez Subia en compañía del Rector de La Universidad San Francisco Javier Dr. Sergio Padilla Cortez.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

¹ Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales (Bolivarian Venezuelan Space

Agency)

* Correspondence: arojas@abae.gob.ve; arturo.jose.rm@gmail.com

Abstract: A very preliminary proposal to make up a system that

cancels the magnetic eld of Earth for executing satellite magnetic

tests in Venezuela is made. Firstly, it is reviewed general satellite

magnetic status considering electrical currents in it and possible

magnetic domains in the structure and equipment is reviewed. After

checking some magnetic cancellation systems, it is concluded that an

optimal option to be selected is a Merri 4-coil system because it oers

good uniformity of magnetic eld in a large relative volume. After

some considerations and taking into account the usual size of a small

satellite, the size of the coils should be around 32 meters. Finally, some

considerations about the movement of the Earth’s magnetic poles are

taken into account.

Keywords: Merri coils, magnetic eld, magnetic moment, vertical

component, horizontal component.

1. Introduction

The objective of this work is to establish which items would be

taken into account to build a satellite magnetic test facility in Vene-

zuela. Firstly, it is considered a general magnetic status of a satellite,

specically referred to small satellites, and then it is proposed a system

of coils to cancel the Earth’s magnetic eld. Some basic calculations are

executed to estimate the characteristics of these coils and then a system

is proposed.

2. Materials and Methods

In a satellite, electrical currents circulate through equipment and

cables. An electrical current generates a magnetic eld perpendicular

to the direction of the ow of the electrical current.

A framework of trajectories of electrical currents inside equipment

and cables generates a satellite magnetic eld, which is associated with

dierent modes of operation of the satellite, creating a dipolar mag-

netic momentum of the satellite. Besides that, materials that make up a

satellite can have a residual and permanent dipole magnetic momen-

tum. Based on that, the satellites could be regarded as heterogeneous

domains of magnetic dipoles. These magnetic dipoles can be added as

independent vectors, generating a total dipolar magnetic momentum

characteristic of the satellite under study. In the following gure this

idea is presented:

Review article

Preliminary proposal to build a magnetic cancella-

tion system for satellite magnetic tests in Venezuela

Arturo Rojas ¹

Citation: Rojas, A. (2022).

Preliminary proposal to

build a magnetic cancellation

system for satellite magnetic

tests in Venezuela. Journal of

Latin American Sciences and

Culture, 4(5), 65-72. hps://doi.

org/10.52428/27888991.v4i5.195

Received: November 17, 2021

Accepted: January 18, 2022

Published: June 29, 2022

Publisher’s Note: JLASC stays

neutral with regard to jurisdic-

tional claims in published maps

and institutional aliations.

authors. Submied for open

access publication under the

terms and conditions of the

Creative Commons Aribution

(CC BY) license (hps://

creativecommons.org/licenses/

by/4.0/).

JLASC

Journal of Latin American

Sciences and Culture

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

Figure 1. A very rst approximation of the magnetic status of satellites.

In orbit, the Earth’s magnetic eld will exert a torque on the sat-

ellite because its total dipole magnetic moment has not been compen-

sated or reduced. This torque will generate perturbations in the ai-

tude of the satellite (its movement around its center of mass). So, in the

process of development of the satellite, it is measured its total dipole

magnetic moment and then it is compensated by installing small mag-

nets on strategic places on the satellite. Consequently, it is necessary to

measure the total magnetic moment of the satellite in a clean electro-

magnetic environment, which implies cancelling the Earth’s magnetic

eld in the region in which the test is executed.

Based on this argument, the objective is to reduce the total dipole

magnetic moment of the satellite. One way to achieve it is to submit

the satellite to an oscillatory magnetic eld at a high frequency. Thus,

the magnetic dipoles get aligned from the dierent magnetic domains

in opposite directions, such that the vector summations of the dipolar

magnetic moments cancel each other. Then, the satellite magnetic mo-

ment should be made smaller.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2. In (a), (b), (c) it is shown the sequence to reduce the total magnetic dipole moment

of the satellite. It is assumed that the magnetic dipole moments change its direction when an

external magnetic eld is applied.

A graphical representation of this idea is presented: at the instant

t1, the satellite is submied to an external magnetic eld in the X-direc-

tion; the dipolar magnetic moments from dierent magnetic domains

would try to get alienated to the direction of the external magnetic

eld. Then, the direction of the external magnetic eld is inverted and

then the dipole moments of the satellite would try to get aligned again.

The oscillatory magnetic eld is executed at high frequency such that

at the instant tn, after several cycles, the magnetic domains would be

distributed approximately equally in +X and –X-directions. This oper-

ation is repeated in Y and Z.

As this study is concerning building a satellite magnetic test facil-

ity, it is necessary to consider that the magnetic environment near the

equator diers from the magnetic environment in the north and south

hemispheres. Thus, it wonders about the possible design of coils in

order to remove the vertical and horizontal magnetic component of the

Earth’s magnetic eld in a specied volume, in Venezuela.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

3. Results

3.1. Propositions to cancel the Earth’s magnetic eld

It is proposed to build a magnetic test facility for small satellites

at about 8 degrees latitude north. So, the vertical component of the

Earth’s magnetic eld should be greater than the value on the equator.

In the beginning, it was considered three kinds of arrangement of

coils to cancel the horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic eld.

These include Helmhol coils, square coils, Merri coils systems, and

Ruben coils systems. From (Abbo, 2015; Herceg, Juhas, & Milutinov,

2009; Kirschvink, 1992; Magdaleno, Olivares, Campero, Escalera, &

Blanco, 2010; Merri, Purcell, & Stroink, 1983; Pourtau & Terral, 2005),

and as we are interested in obtaining uniformity in the distribution of

the magnetic ux density generated inside these coils, the Helmhol

coil and the square coils are not taken account. The Ruben coils system

oers a good solution with respect to the uniformity of the magnetic

ux density at the centre of the system. However, there are some re-

sults that discuss it and imply higher costs for building this system.

Therefore, it is analyzed in this paper implementation of the Merri

coil system.

3.2. Values of Earth’s magnetic eld in Venezuela

Values of vertical component Hv and horizontal component Hh

of the Earth’s magnetic eld in the probable facility location in Venezu-

ela according to (“ IGRF Model (13th Generation)”, 2019) are:

According to these values, the magnitude of the vertical compo-

nent of the Earth’s magnetic eld is not zero, nor is its value much

smaller than the horizontal component. Therefore, it implies that the

system of cancellation of the Earth’s magnetic eld as the vertical as

the horizontal component should be similar.

3.3. Coil systems proposed

Previously, it was considered two kinds of system of coils: one for

the cancellation of the vertical component and another for the cancel-

lation of the horizontal one. However, as it has to achieve a uniformity

of the magnetic ux density in a specic volume (in this volume is the

satellite for executing the test) then, it has decided to choose the same

kind of system of coils for the vertical component and the horizontal

component.

According to (Herceg et al., 2009; Merri et al., 1983), a Merri

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

4-coil system provides a good uniformity of magnetic ux density, and

it is a very well-known system in the scientic community. This sys-

tem achieves a good uniformity in the magnetic ux density when the

number of turns in the inner coil is 0.423514 times the number of turns

in the outer coil. Also, the separations between inner coils and outer

coils follow the next expressions:

And the relationship between a, b and d is illustrated in the fol-

lowing gure:

Figure 3. Illustration of arrangement of coils for cancellation the horizontal component of

the Earth’s magnetic eld.

In the beginning, implementing a square coil system of three coils

was considered. In that way, the uniformity of the magnetic ux den-

sity does not sacrice, and costs would be reduced compared with

an implementation of a four-coil system. However, uniformity in the

magnetic ux density is a characteristic that must be assured.

Also, according to (Magdaleno et al., 2010), a Merri 4-coil sys-

tem, which d has a value of 89.75 cm and volume V of 730882.65 cm

according to their calculation, it is obtained a volume of 50 cm

of the

uniform magnetic ux density inside this system. This is a ratio of just

6.84x10

-5

. Taking into account this architecture, if the size of the coil is

adjusted to 32 m, then it is obtained:

So, if d has a value of 32 m, then just a volume V of 2.26 m

should

provide a uniform magnetic ux density. However, the dimensions of

small satellites are very near to 1.31 m. Therefore, for this initial pro-

posal, this value is used. Also, it has to be mentioned that according

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

to (Herceg et al., 2009; Kirschvink, 1992), the volume V associated with

the uniformity of the magnetic ux density looks to be larger.

Taking into account the following equation to calculate the mag-

netic ux density B at the center of the system (Magdaleno et al., 2010):

It may be speculated that the value of the electrical current

through one turn of the inner (I’) and outer (I) coils could be adjusted

to 1.5 amperes, and d is 32 m. Then, the values for N, the number of

turns for the outer coil, and consequently N’ the numbers of turns for

the inner coil are related by (Herceg et al., 2009; Kirschvink, 1992):

If the direction of the axis in gure 3 is parallel to the direction of

the Earth’s magnetic eld according to the direction of a compass, this

work proposes an arrangement of coils oriented vertically to cancel the

vertical component of the Earth’s magnetic eld. The following gure

illustrates this idea. It is noted that the value of d should be the same

for the horizontal and vertical orientations.

Figure 4. Illustration of arrangement of coils for cancellation the horizontal component of

the Earth’s magnetic eld.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

3.4. Other considerations

Until this moment, just two sets of Merri 4-coils have been con-

sidered: one set to cancel the vertical component of the Earth’s mag-

netic eld and another one to cancel the horizontal component of the

Earth’s magnetic eld because the arrangement of the coils would be

built such as these are aligned to the direction of the north magnetic

pole. This supposition does not take into account a scenario in which

the Earth’s magnetic poles move (Wie, 2019).

Based on that, it is suggested to add a third set of Merri 4-coils

to be used to compensate for changes in the direction of the horizontal

component of the Earth’s magnetic eld. However, at this moment, it

cannot be assured what kind of coils could be utilized and its charac-

teristics such that accomplish uniformity in a generated magnetic ux

density.

Also, additional reviews must be done related to power consump-

tion, electrical resistances of coils, inductances, and other parameters

related to magnetic dipole moment (Abbo, 2015; Lackey, 1968; Me-

hlem, 1978).

4. Discussions

After considering dierent kinds of coil systems, the Merri 4-coil

system is suitable to cancel the Earth’s magnetic eld. We could have

considered Merri’s 3-coils system to cancel the vertical component

of the Earth’s magnetic eld to reduce costs. However, it would im-

ply reducing the uniformity of magnetic ux density generated inside

coils, which could conduct non-suitable magnetic measurements on

satellites under study. Additional studies related to what kind of ma-

terials could be used to build the system, the generation system for the

electrical current, vibrations of the coils, and other issues have to be

executed.

Funding: This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments: the author of this work acknowledges to the man-

agers of ABAE to authorize to publish this article.

Conicts of Interest: The author declares no conict of interest.

Journal of Latin American Sciences and Culture, 4(5)

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