1. INTRODUCTION

Climate change represents a signicant global challenge, characterized by rising

temperatures, an increased frequency of extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and

the loss of biodiversity. Researchers indicate that these changes pose substantial

economic and societal challenges (Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., Tompkins, E.

L., 2005). They also argue that carbon dioxide emissions resulting from human

activities is the main cause to this phenomenon (Kabir, M., Habiba, U. E., Khan, W.,

Shah, A., Rahim, S., De los Rios-Escalante, P. R., Farooqi, Z.-U.-R., Ali, L., Shaq,

M., 2023). To add, they imply that over the past three decades, climate-related

disasters have tripled. They claim that; climate hazardous disasters exacerbated

Specic examples of the devastating impacts include Cyclone Idai in Southern

Africa, which claimed over 1,000 lives and left millions destitute (BBC, 2019).

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the past few

decades have seen a signicant increase in the number of extreme weather events,

including hurricanes, oods, droughts, and wildres, with devastating impacts on

communities across the globe. Among with, between 2000 and 2020, the World

Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported 134% increase in disasters compared

to the previous two decades. The impacts of climate change have contributed to

a sharp rise in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters worldwide (World

Meteorological Organization, 2021). This growing trend highlights the limitations

1.1 Hurricanes and Tropical Cyclones Terminology

In 2017, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) identied

hurricanes as; intense tropical storms characterized by strong winds (exceeding

74 mph or 119 km/h), heavy rainfall, and low-pressure systems that develop over

warm ocean waters. On the other hand, tropical cyclones commonly referred to as;

typhoons or hurricanes, as are among the most devastating weather events. These

intense circular storms form over warm tropical oceans and feature maximum

sustained wind speeds that exceed 119 kilometres per hour, accompanied by heavy

rainfall (World Health Organization, 2024). Interestingly, the most signicant

threats to life and property stem not from the wind itself but from secondary eects

and leading to long-term public health issues, including cardiovascular diseases

Schötz, C., Otto, C., 2023). Studies highlight a correlation between rising sea

temperatures and the increasing intensity of hurricanes, complicating disaster

mitigation eorts (Global warming and climate change, 2023).

In countries such as; the United States, the consequences of tropical cyclones have

been catastrophic, with events such as; Hurricane Katrina resulting in damages

that exceed billions of dollars (Brown, C. E., Alvarez, S., Eluru, N., Huang, A,

2021; Bakkensen, L., Blair, L., 2022; Young, R., Hsiang, S., 2024). These storms

not only inict physical destruction but also signicantly aect mortality rates

a slowdown in the translation speeds of cyclones can result in increased local

rainfall, thereby exacerbating ood risks.

Predictions indicate a growing prevalence of compound hazards as a result of ongoing

climate warming. Additionally, Oman has similarly faced signicant challenges

from tropical cyclones, including Cyclone Gonu and Cyclone Shaheen (Banan-

Dallalian, M., Shokatian-Beiragh, M., Golshani, A., Mojtahedi, A., Lotfollahi-

Yaghin, M. A., Akib, S., 2021; Terry, J., Al Ruheili, A., Boldi, R., Gienko, G., Stahl,

H., 2022). Cyclone Gonu triggered extensive coastal ooding, while Cyclone

Shaheen brought unprecedented rainfall, severely damaging infrastructure (Meer,

M. S., Mishra, A. K., Nagaraju, V., 2024). Moreover, modelling studies emphasize

The increasing risk of extreme heat, coupled with the potential for cyclonic

activity, highlight the urgent need for eective adaptation strategies in response

to these evolving environ-mental challenges. Disaster management is at a

crossroads as climate change accelerates the frequency and intensity of natural

disasters worldwide. As communities worldwide confront the rising tide of these

climate-related emergencies, traditional crisis-response strategies often fall short

in managing the complex and interconnected challenges posed by hurricanes and

tropical cyclones. This reality underscores the pressing need for innovative and

sustainable solutions that not only address the immediate consequences of these

disasters but also foster long term resilience and reduce environmental impacts.

conducting a thorough review of existing 84 literature reviews to identify gaps in

knowledge and challenges in current disaster management practices.

that can mitigate risks and improve responses to catastrophic events by shedding

The study aims to contribute to a more resilient and sustainable future, providing

communities with the necessary tools to eectively address the on-going challenges

posed by climate change.

5. KEY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

6. METHODOLOGY

Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory., 2024). The escalating frequency

and severity of ood events globally reects the pressing need to develop innovative

approaches to enhance disaster preparedness (Jain, H., 2024). Also, the report

highlighted the frequent above-average hurricane seasons, with 2020 witnessing

an unprecedented 30 named storms, potentially driven by climate factors such as

rising ocean temperatures. Data revealed variability in hurricane activity across

dierent decades. The dataset highlighted the importance of emphasizing the

necessity of analyzing both historical and contemporary hurricane activity to better

understand trends, identify their underlying causes, and enhance preparedness for

future storms.

wind patterns. For a hurricane to form, ocean surface temperatures must exceed

27°C (80°F), as this warmth provides the essential heat and moisture needed for

the storm’s growth. As hot, humid air rises from the ocean; it creates a low-

pressure area (Studholme, J., Fedorov, A. V., Gulev, S. K., Emanuel, K., Hodges,

K., 2022). The rising air cools and condenses into rain clouds, a process that

releases latent heat, further energizing the storm. The upward movement of air

draws in surrounding air, while the Earth’s rotation causes this incoming air to

spin horizontally, giving rise to the hurricane’s distinctive rotating structure. Also,

this ongoing cycle of rising air, condensation, and heat release propels the storm,

enabling it to intensify and expand as long as it remains over warm waters and

7.2 Hurricanes and Cyclones Social and Economic Impacts

increasing intensity and frequency of tropical cyclones have caused considerable

damage to marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grass beds

(Feehan, C. J., Filbee-Dexter, K., Thomsen, M. S., Wernberg, T., Miles, T., 2024).

On human level, these storms result in loss of life due to high winds, ooding,

and storm surges, especially vulnerable societies (Smiley, K. T., Noy, I., Wehner,

M. F., Frame, D., Sampson, C. C., Wing, O. E., 2022). Vulnerable communities,

particularly those with fewer resources, face even greater challenges (Waddell, S.

L., Jayaweera, D. T., Mirsaeidi, M., Beier, J. C., Kumar, N., 2021). For instance,

after hurricane Katrina, many repair workers experienced respiratory illnesses such

as sinusitis and toxic pneumonitis.

(Young, R., Hsiang, S., 2024). This suggests that the long-term mortality impact of

tropical cyclones is signicantly greater than what is reected in ocial statistics,

which generally include only immediate fatalities. Young, R., Hsiang, S. (2024)

study estimates that; from 1930 to 2015 tropical cyclones were responsible for

approximately 3.6 million to 5.2 million deaths in the United States. Furthermore,

disasters have resulted in considerable declines in agricultural output, which in

turn has led to economic losses and threatened food security (Food and Agriculture

Organization, 2021).

Disasters such as extreme weather and pest outbreaks, including swarms of

desert locusts, have caused signicant damage to both crops and livestock. This

communities. The diameter of these formidable weather events typically ranges

between 200 to 500 kilometers, though some cyclones expand to a staggering

1,000 kilometers, amplifying their destructive potential. This escalating danger is

further compounded by a 200% increase in the population residing in cyclone-

prone regions, intensifying exposure to these life-threatening storms.

The economic toll of tropical cyclones is equally alarming, with global losses

surpassing USD 1.4 trillion over the past ve decades (Table 1). This equates to an

average of USD 78 million damages each day, reecting the severe and recurring

Economically, hurricanes damage infrastructure like roads and power lines, disrupt

agriculture and livelihoods, and halt business operations. The costs of recovery can

be staggering, straining local and national economies, while highlighting the urgent

need for improved disaster preparedness and climate resilient infrastructure. For

example, Molua, E. L., Mendelsohn, R. O., & Akamin, A. (2020) study illustrated

that the United States faced more catastrophic tropical cyclones than Europe

and Asia. In particular, losses caused by hurricanes Katrina, Harvey, and Maria

reached USD 380 billion across the country. The study also pointed out to regional

variations in cyclone characteristics, including dierences in frequency, intensity,

and the nancial repercussions associated with them. These results emphasized the

A., Schwartz, J., 2021). For instance, in June 2008, the Midwest oods aected

over 11 million people, while in 2005; Hurricane Katrina incurred damages of

more than $125 billion, along with widespread evacuations and property losses.

These environmental occurrences are often random and unpredictable. The

National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) serves as the authoritative

source for tracking and evaluating climate events with signicant economic and

societal impacts, both within the United States and globally. As the nation’s

primary institution responsible for monitoring and assessing the climate, NCEI

future crises. It can also benet other future research.

10. SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Millions of people suer signicantly from the impacts of disasters each year. This

represents a major challenge underlying the limited success in disaster management

eorts. According to the the World Meteorological Organization, over the past

Also, developing resilient infrastructure, as well as utilizing nature-based solutions

such as mangrove restoration and urban greening protect against storm damage.

Bayulken, B., Huisingh, D., Fisher, P. M. J., (2021) conducted a comprehensive

sustainable regions through the strategic enhancement of blue and green spaces

within and surrounding urban areas. Analyzing 298 articles published between

1997 and 2020 across 109 academic journals, the study provided holistic insights

Similarly, studies revealed that adapting to climate change by focusing on three

areas: using predictive analytics, integrating various datasets for better insights

into climate patterns, and creating AI tools to support policymakers in developing

eective adaptation strategies are eective approaches to mitigate risks (Leal Filho,

W., Wall, T., Mucova, S. A. R., Nagy, G. J., Balogun, A. L., Luetz, J. M., Gandhi,

identify high-risk areas. Additionally, the researchers believe that this method

will enhance disaster preparedness in vulnerable coastal regions, will reduce

exposure of critical infrastructure, and regulate aquaculture development to limit

economic and environmental harm. Fawzy, S., Osman, A. I., Doran, J., Rooney,

D. W. (2020) on the other hand, presented several strategies to combat climate

change, including conventional mitigation technologies that focus on reducing

CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels. The second question the research delved was the

sustainable strategies to mitigate the environmental, infrastructural, and economic

consequences of hurricanes and tropical cyclones. Cases presented in this study

showed various mitigation plans the USA, China, Oman and the UAE used to

have implemented various successful approaches. Sustainable technologies such

as renewable energy, green infrastructure and eco-friendly materials play a crucial

role in reducing the environmental impact of disaster response (Aguirre-Ayerbe, I.,

Merino, M., Aye, S. L., Dissanayake, R., Shadiya, F., Lopez, C. M., 2020).

The U.S. disaster management approach focuses on climate leadership through

initiatives like the Ination Reduction Act and emphasizes hurricane mitigation

through Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) guidance. Also, green

infrastructure and eco-friendly materials are equally important in reducing the

environmental impact of disaster response. Green infrastructure includes solutions

such as green roofs, permeable pavements, and urban forests, which mitigate

ooding, reduce heat islands, and improve air quality. For instance, in New York

City, the implementation of green infrastructure projects has signicantly reduced

storm water runo and improved the city’s resilience to extreme weather events

(NYC, 2023).

Another example of the mitigation plan is what they implement after Hurricane

a continuous power supply (Aros-Vera, F., Gillian, S., Rehmar, A., Rehmar,

L.,2021). In addition to solar power, wind turbines were used to provide essential

energy in emergency situations, demonstrating their versatility and resilience in

but also support long-term sustainability by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions

and promoting energy independence. On the contrary, China has taken signicant

steps to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters, through extensive investment in

infrastructure and technology.

M., Zou, Z. (2020); accurate risk assessment is essential to help allocate resources

for disaster relief and make evacuation decisions when hit by a Tropical Cyclone.

Nature-based solutions, including reforestation, wetland restoration, and the

creation of green spaces, can mitigate the eects of natural disasters by enhancing

the resilience of ecosystems.

Reforestation plays a critical role in stabilizing soil, reducing erosion, and

into a thriving ecosystem (He, J.-F., Guan, J., & Zhang, W.-H., 2014).

These eorts have not only reduced the risk of oods and landslides but also increased

agricultural productivity and improved the livelihoods of local communities. The

projects’ remarkable outcomes included lifting over 2.5 million people in four of

China’s poorest provinces out of poverty, doubling farmers’ incomes, diversifying

employment opportunities, and revitalizing the degraded environment. Sustainable

China also has launched its National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and

invested in renewable energy and aorestation. Moreover, Li, J., Bao, Q., Liu, Y.,

Wang, L., Yang, J., Wu, G., Shen, Z. (2021) model explores the impact of model

resolution on cyclone simulations, accurate high-resolution data, and enhanced

predictive capabilities for better forecasting and planning. Furthermore, Shultz,

J. M., Russell, J., Espinel, Z. (2005), Lang, C., Ryder, J. D. (2016); and Li, J.,

Bao, Q., Liu, Y., Wu, G., Wang, L., He, B., Li, J. (2019) studies, examined how

cyclones inuence public engagement with climate change. They highlighted the

need for awareness campaigns to educate the public, as well as policy advocacy to

prompt adaptation and mitigation measures, and community involvement to foster

local resilience. They recommend improvements in public health preparedness,

the establishment of disease surveillance systems for early outbreak detection, and

the integration of disaster response with public health initiatives.

and absorptive capacity, inadequate drainage systems, and the hyper-arid soils in

some areas exacerbate the risk and severity of ash oods. In response, the UAE

and Oman have adopted proactive disaster risk management strategies, including

functional early warning, early action, and emergency response systems, as well

as long term adaptation planning. As an example; Oman has undertaken several

signicantly aected by cyclones, including notable ones like Cyclone Gonu in

2007, Cyclone Mekunu in 2018, and Cyclone Shaheen in 2021. These events

have prompted Oman to enhance its disaster preparedness and response strategies.

To add, Oman’s National Strategy for Adaptation and Mitigation to Climate

Change (2020-2040) outlines comprehensive measures to address environmental

challenges and enhance resilience to future cyclones (Green Climate Fund., 2022).

Researcher Alruheili, A. (2017) also, outlined strategies for Oman to improve

climate change resilience by creating long term plans that integrate resilience into

national development. In his approach he suggests fostering collaboration among

dierent sectors and communities and developing policies that promote adaptive

and sustainable practices. Together with, Al-Awadhi, T., Charabi, Y., Choudri, B.

S. (2019), the researcher suggests ways to strengthen urban resilience in Oman by

maps to pinpoint high-risk areas.

Also, the study suggests implementing land-use policies to reduce exposure to

marine hazards, and developing tailored emergency response plans for identied

risk zones. Moreover, Oman has developed advanced cyclone early warning

systems and built cyclone-resistant infrastructure following Cyclone Gonu in

2007 and Cyclone Mekunu in 2018. The concept of early warning systems has

gained widespread recognition as a crucial component in mitigating the impacts

and consequences of hazardous natural events on societies (Trogrlić, R., van den

Homberg, M., Budimir, M., McQuistan, C., Sneddon, A., Golding, B. (2022).

Furthermore, Oman has invested heavily in early warning systems and the use

of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies. The

National Multi-Hazard Early Warning System, established by the Civil Aviation

Authority, plays a crucial role in monitoring and forecasting weather events,

providing timely alerts to mitigate the impacts of incoming cyclones. This system

procedures and safety measures. These initiatives help ensure that communities

are better prepared to respond quickly and eectively to warnings, reducing

the potential for casualties and property damage (Jones, C., 2024). Oman also

collaborates with international organizations and neighboring countries to enhance

initiatives and training programs focused on disaster risk reduction and response.

Recognizing the link between climate change and the increasing frequency of

severe weather events, Oman has committed to sustainable practices to mitigate

long-term risks (Ahmed, M., Choudri, B. S., 2012). Similarly, Oman’ neighboring

country the UAE have implemented extensive urban planning measures to manage

Kafy, A., Ferdous, M. N., Fattah, M. A., Morshed, S. R., 2024).

11.1.1 Enhance Policy and Regulatory Frameworks

Policymakers should develop and implement policies, regulations, and incentive

mechanisms that explicitly promote the adoption of sustainable disaster management

practices, such as renewable energy, nature-based solutions, and circular economy

11.1.2 Strengthen Institutional Capacity

private partnerships, and innovative nancing instruments, should be established

to support the implementation of sustainable disaster management solutions.

11.1.4 Foster Community Engagement and Ownership

Eective disaster management requires active community involvement and

education. Local communities are often the rst responders in the aftermath of a

disaster. Therefore, educating the public about disaster preparedness and involving

them in planning and response eorts can enhance resilience.

11.1.5 Promote Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building

The research explored the social and economic risks of hurricanes and cyclones

and how their impacts dier across regions and communities. It also examined

Abbass, K., Qasim, M. Z., Song, H., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., Younis, I.

(2022). A review of the global climate change impacts, adaptation, and sustainable

mitigation measures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 42539–

42559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19718-6

Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation to

climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change, 15(2), 77–86. https://

doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.01.003

Aguirre-Ayerbe, I., Merino, M., Aye, S. L., Dissanayake, R., Shadiya, F., Lopez,

C. M. (2020). An evaluation of availability and adequacy of Multi-Hazard Early

Warning Systems in Asian countries: A baseline study. International Journal of

Al-Awadhi, T., Charabi, Y., Choudri, B. S. (2019). Pathways for building urban

resilience to climate change in Oman. Development in Practice, 29(5), 594-605.

Almazroui, M., Khalid, M. S., Islam, M. N., Rehman, S., Sajjad, H. (2020).